Ordovician fossils of the Semtín diatreme breccia (Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic) - A distant analogy of the Prague Basin in the subsurface of the Cretaceous platform?

 

Authors: Fatka O, Budil P, Polechová M, Šilinger M, Kovář V, Valent M Vodička J, Tasáryová Z

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 101, issue 1; pages: 123 - 155; Received 10 February 2025; Accepted in revised form 2 April 2026; Online 3 May 2026

Keywords: Trilobita, Bivalvia, organic-walled microfossils, Late Ordovician, East Bohemia, Czech Republic,

full text (PDF, 77.65 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Abstract

Ordovician rocks east of the Prague Basin are very rarely exposed because they are largely concealed beneath the platform sediments of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. A unique record of Ordovician strata occurs at Pardubice-Semtín, where Palaeozoic xenoliths were brought to the surface by a nephelinitic basalt diatreme that pierced the Mesozoic cover. In 1896, Jaroslav Jiljí Jahn briefly reported a fossil assemblage from these xenoliths, including machaeridians, hyolithids, brachiopods, molluscs, and trilobites, which closely resembles the fauna of the Late Ordovician Vinice and Zahořany formations of the Prague Basin. Most of Jahn’s material was long considered lost but it was rediscovered in 2020. Its thorough revision, including the first study of associated acritarchs and chitinozoans, refines the age and stratigraphic affinity of the fauna. A continuous distribution of Ordovician rocks between the Prague Basin, the bedrock of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, and the Železné hory Mountains area has been traditionally assumed. Differences in faunal composition, lithology, and metamorphism, along with detected and inferred tectonic faults, suggest a discontinuity between the Ordovician basement beneath the south-eastern part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and the Ordovician of the Železné hory Mountains area. Even though there are numerous similarities between fossils at Pardubice-Semtín and that of the Prague Basin, we consider them more likely to represent distinct, albeit likely communicating, basins within the Teplá-Barrandian Unit.

References

Adams, H. & Adams, A. 1858. Family Malletidae, Volume 2, 548. The genera of Recent Mollusca arranged according to their organization. J. van Vorst, London.View article

Bancroft, B.B. 1929. Some new species of Cryptolithus (s.l.) from the Upper Ordovician. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 73, 67-98.

Bancroft, B.B. 1945. The brachiopod zonal indices of the stages Costonian to Onnian in Britain. Journal of Paleontology 19(3), 181-252.

Barrande, J. 1846. Notice préliminaire sur le Systeme silurien et les trilobites de Boheme. 97 pp. Hirschfeld, Leipzig.View article

Barrande, J. 1847. Pugiunculus, ein fossiles Pteropoden-Geschlecht. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1847, 554-558.

Barrande, J. 1848. Über die Brachiopoden der silurischen Schichten von Böhmen. Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 2, 155-256.

Barrande, J. 1852. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. 1ere partie: Recherches paléontologiques. Vol. 1. Crustacés: Trilobites. 935 pp. Published by the author, Praha & Paris.View article

Barrande, J. 1867. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. Vol. 3. Classe des Mollusques. Ordre des Ptéropodes. 179 pp. Prague & Paris.

Barrande, J. 1872. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. 1ere partie: Recherches paléontologiques. Supplément au Vol. 1. Trilobites, crustacés divers et poissons. 647 pp. Prague & Paris.

Barrande, J. 1879. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. Iere partie: Recherches paléontologiques. Vol. 5. Classe des mollusques. Ordre des brachiopodes. 226 pp. Prague & Paris.

Barrande, J. 1881. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. Iere partie: Recherches paléontologiques. Vol. 5. Classe des mollusques, ordre des acéphalés. 342 pp. Prague & Paris.

Bassett, M.G. 1981. The Ordovician brachiopods of Cornwall. Geological Magazine 118(6), 647-664.View article

Bergström, S.M., Chen X., Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C. & Dronov, A. 2009. The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy. Lethaia 42(1), 97-107.View article

Beaufort, D., Rigault, C., Billon, S., Billault, V., Inoue, A., Inoue, S. & Patrier, P. 2015. Chlorite and chloritization processes through mixed-layer mineral series in low-temperature geological systems - a review. Clay Minerals 50, 497-523.View article

Beyrich, E. 1845. Über einige böhmische Trilobiten. 47 pp. G. Reimer, Berlin.

Bowdler-Hicks, A. 2002. The taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Marrolithinae (Trinucleidae, Trilobita). 275 pp. Ph.D. thesis. University of Glasgow, United Kingdom

Bruthansová, J., Fatka, O., Budil, P. & Král, J. 2007. 230 years of trilobite research in the Czech Republic. New York State Museum Bulletin 507, 51-79.

Budil, P., Mergl, M. & Smutek, D. 2016. Paleontologický výzkum lokality Brloh v Železných horách (lipoltické souvrství, spodní ordovik). Geosciences Research Reports 49, 149-150.View article

Burmann, G. 1970. Weitere organische Mikrofossilien aus dem unteren Ordovizium. Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Abteilung B, Paläobotanik 3, 289-332.

Butterfield, N.J. & Harvey, T.H.P. 2012. Small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs): A new measure of early Paleozoic paleobiology. Geology 40(1), 71-74.View article

Campbell, K.S.W. 1975. The functional morphology of Cryptolithus. Fossils and Strata 4, 65-86.View article

Candela, Y. & Crighton, W.R.B. 2015. Revision of Plumulites ruskini Lamont, and new data from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills, Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 51(1), 31-42.View article

Čech, S. 1972. A trilobite eco-assemblage from a new locality in the Letná Formation (Caradoc) in Prague-Letná. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 47(4), 243-247.

Čech, S. 1975. Cranidial reticulation and functional morphology of the cephalic fringe in Trinucleidae (Trilobita). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 50(3), 173-177.

Cháb, J., Breiter, K., Fatka, O., Hladil, J., Kalvoda, J., Šimůnek, Z., Štorch, P., Vašíček, Z., Zajíc, J. & Zapletal, J. 2008. Outline of the Geology of the Bohemian Massif: The Basement Rocks and their Carboniferous and Permian Cover. 295 pp. Czech Geological Survey, Prague.

Chaloupský, J. 1974. In Malkovský, M., Benešová, Z., Čadek, J., Holub, V., Chaloupský, J., Jetel, J., Müller, V., Mašín, J. & Tásler, R. 1974. Geologie české křídové pánve a jejího podloží. 40-71 pp. Ústřední ústav geologický & Academia, Praha.

Chlupáč, I. 1999. Barrande’s stratigraphic concepts, palaeontological localities and tradition - comparison with the present state. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 44(1-2), 3-30.

Chlupáč, I., Brzobohatý, R., Kovanda, J. & Stráník, Z. 2002. Geologická minulost České republiky. 436 pp. Academia, Praha.

Chlupáč, I., Jaeger, H. & Zikmundová, J. 1972. The Silurian-Devonian boundary in the Barrandian. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 20(1), 104-174.

Chlupáč, I. & Oliver, W.A. 1989. Decision on the Lochkovian-Pragian boundary stratotype (Lower Devonian). Episodes 12(2), 109-113.View article

Chlupáč, I. & Vrána, S. 1994. Regional geological subdivision of the Bohemian Massif on the territory of the Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 39(1), 127-144.View article

Cisne, J.L. 1973. Beecher’s trilobite bed revisited: ecology of an Ordovician deepwater fauna. Postilla, Peabody Museum of Natural History 160, 1-25.

Cossmann, M. 1904. Essais de Paléoconchologie comparée 6. 151 pp. Chez l’auteur, Paris.

Cuvier, G. 1797. Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux. 710 pp. Baudouin, Paris.View article

Dall, W.H. 1889. On the hinge of pelecypodes and its development, with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Science 38, 445-462.View article

Dean, W.T. 1967. The correlation and trilobite fauna of the Bedinan Formation (Ordovician) in south-eastern Turkey. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 15, 83-123.

Defrance, M.J.L. 1826. Genus Pleurotomaria, 381. In Cuvier, G. (ed.) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, dans lequel on Traite Méthodiquement des Differens Etres de la Nature, Considérés Soit en Euxmemes d’Apres l’État Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement a l’Utilité qu’en Peuvent Retirer la Medicine, l’Agriculture, le Commerce et les Artes: suivi d’une Biographie des plus Célebres Naturalists, par Plusieurs Professeurs du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle et des Autres Principales de Écoles de Paris, Volume 41. Paris & Strasbourg.

Delabroye, A., Vecoli, M., Hints, O. & Servais, T. 2011. Acritarchs from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary beds of the Valga-10 drill core, southern Estonia (Baltica) and their stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications. Palynology 35(1), 4-45.View article

Destombes, J. 1972. Les trilobites du sous-ordre des Phacopina de l’Ordovicien de l’Anti-Atlas (Maroc). Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc 240, 1-113.

Deunff, J. 1951. Sur la présence de microorganismes (Hystrichospheres) dans les schistes ordoviciens du Finistere. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 233, 321-323.

Deunff, J. 1954. Veryhachium, genre nouveau d’hystrichospheres du Primaire. Comptes Rendus de la Société géologique de France 13, 305-307.

Doucek, J. & Mikuláš, R. 2014. Cambrian trace fossil Zoophycos from the Czech Republic. Geologica Carpathica 65(6), 403-409.View article

Downie, C. 1959. Hystrichospheres from the Silurian Wenlock Shale of England. Palaeontology 2(1), 56-71.

Drage, H.B., Laibl, L. & Budil, P. 2018. Postembryonic development of Dalmanitina, and the evolution of facial suture fusion in Phacopina. Paleobiology 44(4), 638-659.View article

Dufka, P. & Fatka, O. 1993. Chitinozoans and acritarchs from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. Special Papers in Palaeontology 48, 17-28.

Duméril, A.M.C. 1806. Zoologie analytique ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux. 344 pp. Allais, Paris.View article

Ebbestad, J.O.R., Polechová, M., Kröger, B. & Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C. 2022. Late Ordovician molluscs of eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco, 237-296. In Hunter, A.W., Álvaro, J.J., Lefebvre, B., Van Roy, P. & Zamora, S. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Geological Society London, Special Publication 485.View article

Eisenack, A. 1934. Neue Mikrofossilien des baltischen Silurs. III. und neue Mikrofossilien des böhmischen Silurs I. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 16, 52-76.View article

Eisenack, A. 1938. Hystrichosphaerideen und verwandte Formen im baltischen Silurs. Zeitschrift für Geschiebeforschung und Flachlandsgeologie 14(1), 1-30.

Eisenack, A. 1958. Tasmanites Newton 1875 und Leiosphaeridia n. g. als Gattungen der Hystrichosphaeridea. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 110(1-3), 1-19.

Emmrich, H.F. 1839. De trilobitis. Disertatio petrefactologica. 55 pp. Berolini.View article

Fatka, O. & Budil, P. 2021. Frontal auxiliary impressions in the Ordovician trilobite Dalmanitina Reed, 1905 from the Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 96(4), 481-491.View article

Fatka, O. & Mergl, M. 2009. The ’microcontinent’ Perunica: status and story 15 years after conception, 65-101. In Bassett, M.G. (ed.) Early Palaeozoic peri-Gondwana terranes: new insights from tectonics and biogeography. Geological Society London, Special Publications 325.View article

Fatka, O. & Vodička, J. 2022. Putative Ordovician green alga Krejciella reinterpreted as enteropneust hemichordate tube (Czech Republic). Palaeontologia Electronica 25(2), 1-19.View article

Fatka. O., Lerosey-Aubril, R., Budil, P. & Rak, Š. 2013. Fossilised guts in trilobites from the Upper Ordovician Letná Formation (Prague Basin, Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 88(1), 95-104.View article

Fatka, O., Budil, P. & Mikuláš, R. 2024. Remains of the alimentary tract in the Late Ordovician trilobite Dalmanitina (Prague Basin, Barrandian area, Czech Republic). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 130(1), 47-65.View article

Fatka, O., Budil, P. & Linnemann, U. 2025. Relation Between Saxothuringian and Bohemian Trilobites Through the Ordovician. In Linnemann, U. (ed.) The Variscan Orogen of Central Europe. Geodynamics - Geochronology - Geobiology. Regional Geology Reviews, Springer Nature.View article

Fitch, A. 1850. A historical, topographical and agricultural survey of the County of Washington, pt. 2-5. Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society 9, 753-944.

Fortey, R.A. & Owens, R.M. 1999. Feeding habits in trilobites. Palaeontology 42(3), 429-465.View article

Gardien, V., Thompson. A.B., Grujic, D., Ulmer, P. 1995. Experimental melting of biotite + plagioclase + quartz ± muscovite assemblages and implications for crustal melting. Journal of Geophysical Research 100(B8), 15581-15591.View article

Ghavidel-Syooki, M. & Piri-Kangarshahi, M.H. 2024. The biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Cambrian and Ordovician acritarchs and chitinozoa from the Simeh-Kuh, NW Damghan City, the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Palynology 48(4), 1-60.View article

Gray, J.E. 1824. A supplement to the Appendix of Captain Perry’s voyage for the discovery of a North West Passage, in the years 1819-20, containing an account of the subjects of natural history, 240-246. In Parry, E.W. (ed.) Journal of a second voyage for the Discovery of a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in the years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty’s ships Fury and Hecla, under the orders of Captain William Edward Parry, R.N., F.R.S. Appendix X. Natural History, Shells. Murray, London.

Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C., Sá, A.A., García-Bellido, D.C. & Rábano, I. 2016. The Bohemo-Iberian regional chronostratigraphical scale for the Ordovician System and palaeontological correlations within South Gondwana. Lethaia 50(3), 258-295.View article

Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C., Muir, L.A. & Mitchell, C.E. 2022. Upper Ordovician planktic and benthic graptolites and a possible hydroid from the Tafilalt Biota,southeastern Morocco, 209-236. In Hunter, A.W., Álvaro, J.J., Lefebvre, B., Van Roy, P., Zamora, S. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Geological Society London, Special Publication 485.View article

Häntzschel, W. 1965. Vestigia Invertebratorum et Problematica. - Fossilium Catalogus. I. Animalia, Pars 108, 1-142.

Havlíček, V. 1949. Orthoidea a Clitambonoidea z českého tremadoku. Sborník Státního geologického Ústavu československé republiky, Oddíl paleontologický 16, 93-144.

Havlíček, V. 1950. The Ordovician Brachiopoda from Bohemia. Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického 13, 1-135.

Havlíček, V. 1977. Brachiopods of the order Orthida in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického 44, 1-327.

Havlíček, V. 1982. Ordovician of Bohemia: development of the Prague Basin and its benthic communities. Sborník geologických Ved, Geologie 37, 103-136.

Havlíček, V. 1994. Ordovik. In Klomínský, J. Geologický atlas České republiky. Stratigrafie. Český geologický ústav, Praha.

Havlíček, V. 1998. Ordovician, 41-79. In Chlupáč, I., Havlíček, V., Kříž, J., Kukal, Z. & Štorch, P. (eds) Palaeozoic of the Barrandian (Cambrian to Devonian). Czech Geological Survey, Prague.

Havlíček, V. & Marek, L. 1973. Bohemian Ordovician and its international correlation. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii 18(3), 225-232.

Havlíček, V. & Šnajdr, M. 1951. O strˇednokambrické a ordovické fauneˇ Železných hor. Veˇstník Ústrˇedního ústavu geologického 26(5), 293-308.

Havlícˇek, V. & Šnajdr, M. 1955. Některé problémy paleogeografie středočeského ordoviku. Sborník Ústředního Ústavu geologického 52, 81-94.

Havlíček, V. & Vaněk, J. 1966. The biostratigraphy of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontologie 8, 7-69.

Havlíček, V. & Vaněk, J. 1990. Ordovician invertebrate communities in black-shale lithofacies (Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 65(4), 223-236.

Havlíček, V. & Vaněk, J. 1996. Dobrotivian/Berounian boundary interval in the Prague Basin with a special emphasis on the deepest part of the trough (Ordovician, Czech Republic). Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 71(3), 225-243.

Havlíček, V., Vaněk, J. & Vokáč, V. 1996. Discovery of the fossiliferous middle Berounian Vinice Formation at Cekov (Ordovician, western part of the Prague Basin). Journal of the Czech Geological Society 41(1-2), 55-59.

Hawle, J. & Corda, A.J.C. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographie der böhmischen Trilobiten. 176 pp., 7 pls. J.G. Calve’sche Buchhandlung, Prague.

Heer, O. 1877. Flora fossilis Helvetiae. Die vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz. 182 pp. Verlag J. Wurster & Co., Zürich.

Hinterlechner, K. 1900. Vorläufige Mitteilungen über die Basaltgesteine aus Ost-böhmen. Verhandlungen der Geologischen Reichsanstalt 1900, 469-526.

Horný, R.J. 1965. On the systematical position of Cyrtolites Conrad, 1838 (Mollusca). Časopis Národního muzea, oddíl přírodovědný 134(1), 8-10.

Horný, R.J. 1991. Shell morphology and muscle scars of Sinuitopsis neglecta Perner (Mollusca, Monoplacophora). Časopis Národního muzea v Praze, řada přírodovědná 157(1-4), 81-105.

Horný, R.J. 1997. Ordovician Tergomya and Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Anti-Atlas (Morocco). Acta Musei Nationalis

Pragae, Series B, Natural History 53(3-4), 37-78.

Hughes, C.P. 1971. The Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Builth-Llandrindod inlier, Central Wales, Pt II. Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History (Geology) 20, 115-182.

Hughes, C.P., Ingham, J.K. & Addison, R. 1975. The morphology, classification and evolution of Trinucleidae (Trilobita). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 272, 537-607.View article

Jahn, J.J. 1896. Basalttuff-Brecie mit silurischen Fossilien in Ostböhmen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 16, 441-459.

Jahn, J.J. 1897. O siluru ve Východních Čechách. Sborník české společnosti zeměvědné 3, 32-34.

Jahn, J.J. 1898a. Die Silurformation in östlichen Böhmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 48, 207-230.

Jahn, J.J. 1898b. O silurském útvaru ve východních Čechách. Věstník Královské české společnosti nauk, Třída matematicko-přírodovědecká 13, 1-25.

Jahn, J.J. 1913. Über einen neuentdecken Basaltgang im östlichen Böhmen. Verhandlungen der Geologischen Reichsanstalt 1913, 254-258.

Jell, P.A. 1979. Plumulites and the machaeridian problem. Alcheringa 3(4), 253-259.View article

Klein, V. 1978. Stavba a morfologie podloží krˇídy západneˇ od Hradce Králové. Veˇstník Ústrˇedního ústavu geologického 53(6), 357-366.

Klouček, C. & Koliha, J. 1931. Spodní tremadok na Přeloučsku. Věstník Státního geologického Ústavu Československé Republiky 7(4), 101-107.

Kočová-Veselská, M., Kočí, T., Collins, J.S.H. & Gale, A.S. 2015. A new species of scalpelliform cirripede (Crustacea, Cirripedia) from the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian shallow-water facies at Velim (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin) and its palaeoecological implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 278(2), 201-211.View article

Kodym, O. 1953. Geologie českého masívu. Díl I. Úvod a zona barrandiensko-železnohorská. 232 pp. Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha.

Koliha, J. 1930. Nález tremadoku na Přeloučsku. Věstník Státního geologického Ústavu Československé Republiky 6(2), 65-66.

Konzalová-Mazancová, M. 1969. Acritarcha Evitt, 1963 aus dem Unter-Ashgill Böhmens. Palaeontographica, Abteilung B 125(1-3), 81-92.

Kraft, P., Linnemann, U., Mergl, M., Bruthansová, J., Laibl, L. & Geyer, G. 2023. Ordovician of the Bohemian Massif, 433-464. In Harper, D.A.T., Lefebvre, B., Percival, I.G. & Servais, T. (eds) A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1. Geological Society London, Special Publication 532.View article

Krejčí, J. 1877. Geologie čili nauka o útvarech zemských se zvláštním ohledem na krajiny českoslovanské. 1035 pp. Published by the author, Praha.

Kříž, J. 1997. Poznámky k paleoekologii mlžů ordoviku pražské pánve. Zprávy o geologických výzkumech v roce 1996, 168-172.

Kříž, J. & Steinová, M. 2009. Uppermost Ordovician bivalves from the Prague Basin (Hirnantian, Perunica, Bohemia). Bulletin of Geosciences 84(3), 409-436.View article

Kříž, J., Jaeger, H., Paris, F. & Schönlaub, H.P. 1986. Přídolí - the fourth subdivision of the Silurian. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 129(2), 291-360.

Kvapil, J., Plomerová, J., Kampfová Exnerová, Babuška, V., Hetény, G, & Alp Array Working Group. 2021. Transversely isotropic lower crust of Variscan central Europe imaged by ambient noise tomography of the Bohemian Massif. Solid Earth 12, 1051-1074.View article

Laibl, L. & Fatka, O. 2017. Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic). Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series 186, 103-112.View article

Lamarck, J.B. 1809. Philosophie Zoologique, ou Exposition des Considérations Relatives a l’histoire Naturelle des Animaux. 428 pp. Engelmann, Weinheim.

Le Hérissé, A., Molyneux, S.G. & Miller, M.A. 2015. Late Ordovician to early Silurian acritarchs from the Qusaiba-1 shallow core hole, central Saudi Arabia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 212, 22-59.View article

Linné, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. 847 pp. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae.View article

Lister, T.R. 1970. The acritarchs and chitinozoa from the Wenlock and Ludlow Series of the Ludlow and Millichope areas, Shropshire. Part 1. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 124(528), 1-100.View article

Manda, Š., Slavík, L., Štorch, P., Tasáryová, Z. & Čáp, P. 2023. Division of Přídolí Series in Central Bohemia: graptolite and conodont biostratigraphy, faunal changes, and geochemical record. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 56(1), 89-123.View article

Marek, L. 1963. New knowledge on the morphology of Hyolithes. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontologie 1, 53-73.

Marek, L. 1967. The Class Hyolitha in the Caradoc of Bohemia. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontologie 9, 51-113.

Marek, L. 1975. Two new genera of Paucillitidae Marek, 1967 (Hyolitha). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 50(4), 237-240.

Marek, L. 1989. The hyoliths of the Králův Dvůr Formation (Bohemian Ordovician). Sborník geologických věd, Paleontologie 30, 37-59.

Marek, L., Parsley, R. L. & Galle, A. 1997. Functional morphology of hyoliths based on flume studies. Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 72(4), 277-283.

McAlester, A.L. 1969. Subclass Palaeotaxodonta Korobkov, 1954, N227-N243. In Moore, R.C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas.View article

Mergl, M. 1997a. Obolid brachiopods with burrowing sculptures in the Lower Ordovician of Bohemia. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey 72(2), 127-139.

Mergl, M. 1997b. Distribution of the lingulate brachiopod Thysanotos in Central Europe. Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 72(1), 27-35.

Mikuláš, R. 1996. Nález ichnofosilií Pragichnus a Skolithos v ordoviku Železných hor u Rabštejnské Lhoty (Finds of ichnofossils of Pragichnus and Skolithos in the Ordovician of the Železné hory Mts. at Rabštejnská Lhota). Zprávy o geologických výzkumech 1995, 132-133.

Mikuláš, R. & Budil, P. 2013. Ichnofosilie Rusophycus cf. cryptolithi Osgood, 1970 - stopa trilobita Deanaspsis goldfussi (Barrande, 1846) z letenského souvrství (svrchní ordovik Barrandienu) (The ichnofossil Rusophycus cf. cryptolithi Osgood, 1970 as a trace of the trilobite Deanaspis goldfussi (Barrande, 1846) from the Letná Formation (Upper Ordovician, Barrandian area, Czech Republic)). Geoscience Research Reports 46, 192-194.

Miller, S.A. 1889. North American geology and palaeontology for the use of amateurs, students and scientists. 664 pp. Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati. View article

Moore, R.C. 1952. Brachiopoda, 197-267. In Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G. & Fischer, A.G. (eds) Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Neumayr, M. 1884. Zur Morphologie der Bivalvenschlosses. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 88(2), 385-419.

Omori, M. 2012. On the initiation of the hard tissues of animals during the Late Precambrian to the Early Cambrian, 335-342. In Suga, S. & Nakahara, H. (eds) Mechanisms and Phylogeny of Mineralization in Biological Systems. Biomineralization ’90. Springer.View article

Pacák, O. 1946a. Nově objevené žilné výskyty čedičových vyvřelin ve východních Čechách. Věstník Státního geologického ústavu 20, 67-79.

Pacák, O. 1946b. Třetihorní vyvřeliny v okolí Pardubic. Věstník Státního geologického ústavu 21(3-6), 249-254.

Paris, F., Grahn, Y., Nestor, V. & Lakova, I. 1999. A revised chitinozoan classification. Journal of Paleontology 73(4), 549-570.View article

Pelseneer, P. 1889. Sur la classification phylogénétique des pélécypodes. Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique 20, 27-52.

Perner, J. 1903. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme par Joachim Barrande. 1?re partie: Recherches Paléontologiques, Vol. IV, Gastéropodes, Tome 1, Texte (Patellidae et Bellerophontidae) et Planches. 89 pp. C. Bellmann, Prague.

Pfab, L. 1934. Revision der Taxodonta des böhmischen Silurs. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 80(4-6), 195-253.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U.S. National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 93, 1-366.View article

Polechová, M. 2013. Bivalves from the Middle Ordovician Šárka Formation (Prague Basin, Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 88(2), 427-461.View article

Polechová, M. 2022. The bivalve fauna from the Letná Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Bohemia: Significance for palaeobiogeography, palaeoecology and diversification of bivalves. Geobios 70, 55-73.View article

Prantl, F. & Růžička, R. 1941. Fauna spodního tremadoku Železných Hor. Rozpravy II. Třídy České Akademie 51(13), 1-36.

Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1969. Trilobites of the family Trinucleidae Hawle et Corda, 1847 from the Ordovician of Bohemia. Sborník geologických Věd, Palaeontologie 11, 85-137.

Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1976. Palaeoecology of Berounian trilobites from the Barrandian area. Rozpravy Československé akademie věd 86, 3-40.

Raevskaya, E.G. & Hints, O. 2019. Acritarchs from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Estonia and their stratigraphic implications, 165-168. In Obut, O.T., Sennikov, N.V. & Kipriyanova, T.P. (eds) 13th International Symposium on the Ordovician System Novosibirsk, Russia (July 19-22, 2019) Contributions. Novosibirsk.

Reed, F.R.C. 1905. The classification of the Phacopidae, VII. Geological Magazine 42(5), 172-178, 224-228.View article

Richter, R., Richter, E. & Struve, W. 1959. Suborder Phacopina Struve, nov., 461-462. In Moore, R.C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part O. Arthropoda 1. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas.

Rubinstein, C.V. & Vajda, V. 2023. High diversity and early radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in southern Baltica during the Middle-Late Ordovician - evidence from the Borenshult-1 drillcore of southern Sweden. GFF 145(1-2), 50-83.View article

Salter, J.W. 1847. On the structure of Trinucleus, with remarks on the species. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 3, 251-254.View article

Salter, J.W. 1852. Note on the fossils above mentioned, from the Ottawa River. British Association Advance Science Report 21st Meeting, 1851, Notices and Abstracts, 63-65.

Salter, J.W. 1864. A monograph of the British trilobites from the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian formations, part 1. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 16(67), 1-80.View article

Salvini-Plawen, L. von 1980. A reconsideration of systematics in the Mollusca (phylogeny and higher classification). Malacologia 19(2), 249-278.

Schallreuter, R. 1985. Mikrofossilien aus Geschieben IV. Machaeridier. Der Geschiebesammler 18, 157-171.

Schuchert, C. & Cooper, G.A. 1932. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science 22, 241-251.View article

Servais, T., Vecoli, M., Li, J., Molyneux, S.G., Raevskaya, E.G. & Rubinstein, C.V. 2007. The acritarch genus Veryhachium Deunff 1954: Taxonomic evaluation and first appearance. Palynology 31(1), 191-203.View article

Servais, T., Dzik, J., Fatka, O., Heuse, T., Vecoli, M. & Verniers, J. 2008. Ordovician, 203-248. In McCann, T. (ed.) Geology of Central Europe. Geological Society of London.View article

Servais, T., Li, J., Molyneux, S.G., Rubinstein, C.V., Vecoli, M. & Yan, K. 2014. The palaeobiogeographical spread of the acritarch Veryhachium in the Early and Middle Ordovician and its impact on biostratigraphical applications. GFF 136(1), 234-237.View article

Shaw, F.C. 1995. Ordovician trinucleid trilobites of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. Paleontological Society, Memoir 40, 1-23.View article

Šnajdr, M. 1956. Trilobiti drabovských a letenských vrstev českého ordoviku. Sborník Ústředního ústavu geologického, Oddíl paleontologický 22, 477-533.View article

Šnajdr, M. 1981. On some rare Bohemian Trinucleina (Trilobita). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 56(3), 279-286.

Šnajdr, M. 1982. Bohemian representatives of the trilobite genera Kloucekia Delo, Phacopidina Bancroft, Sokhretia Hupé and Dalmanitina Reed. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 57(3), 179-182.View article

Šnajdr, M. 1984. Revision of the trilobite type material of I. Hawle and A.J.C. Corda, 1847. Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze, řada B, přírodní vědy 39(3), 129-211.

Šnajdr, M. 1990. Bohemian trilobites. 265 pp. Czech Geological Survey, Prague.

Šnajdr, M. 1991. Zažívací trakt trilobita Deanaspis goldfussi (Barrande). Časopis Národního Muzea, řada přírodovědná 156(1/4), 8-16.

Sowerby, J. 1818. The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or colored figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the Earth. The mineral conchology of Great Britain 3, 1-194.

Sternberg, K. 1833. Rede von Kaspar Grafen von Sternberg 3. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft des Vaterländischen Museums in Böhmen, Beilage 3, 45-56.

Štorch, P. Manda, Š., Tasáryová, Z., Frýda, J., Chadimová, L. & Melchin, M.J. 2018. A proposed new global stratotype for Aeronian Stage of the Silurian System: Hlásná Třebaň section, Czech Republic. Lethaia 51(3), 357-388.View article

Swainson, W. 1840. A Treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. 419 pp. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans and John Taylor, London.

Swinnerton, H.H. 1915. Suggestions for a revised classification of trilobites. Geological Magazine 52, 487-496, 538-545.View article

Sysoev, A.V. 1957. K morfologii, sistematicheskomu polozheniu i sistematike chiolotov. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR 116(2), 304-337. [in Russian]

Turner, R.E. 1984. Acritarchs from the type area of the Ordovician Caradoc Series, Shropshire, England. Palaeontographica, Abteilung B 190(4-6), 87-157.

Vaněk, J. & Valíček, J. 2001. New index of the genera, sub-genera, and species of Barrandian trilobites. Part A-B (Cambrian and Ordovician). Palaeontologia Bohemiae 7, 1-49.

Vavrdová, M. 1982. Phytoplankton communities of Cambrian and Ordovician age of Central Bohemia. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 57(3), 145-155.

Vecoli, M. & Le Hérissé, A. 2004. Biostratigraphy, taxonomic diversity and patterns of morphological evolution of Ordovician acritarchs (organic-walled microphytoplankton) from the northern Gondwana margin in relation to palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic changes. Earth-Science Reviews 67(3-4), 267-311.View article

Vogdes, A.W. 1890. A bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 1899, including a list of the North American species and a systematic arrangement of genera. Bulletin of the US Geological Survey 63(1), 1-177.

Voigt, T. & Lützner, H. 2020. Paläogeographie und Ablagerungsbedingungen des Ordoviziums in Thüringen. Beiträge zur Geologie von Thüringen 26, 273-319.

Vokáč, V., David, M., Hartl, F., Bím, M., Grigar, L., Mitro, P. & Pavlovič, M. 2012. Trilobitová asociace vinického souvrství (sandbian, svrchní ordovik) z výkopu železničního tunelu mezi Osekem a Újezdem u Hořovic (pražská pánev, Barrandien, Česká republika). Erica 19, 155-160.

Waagen, W. 1884. Salt Range fossils. Vol. I, Part 4. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, series 139(3-4), 547-728.View article

Walch, J.E.I. 1771. Die Naturgeschichte der Verteinerungen, Dritter Theil. Zur Erläuterung der Knorrischen Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur. 235 pp. P.J. Felßecker, Nürnberg.

Webby, B.D. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 36(1), 1-33.View article

Weinerová, H., Slavík, L., Weiner, T. & Hladil, J. 2024. In search for the Basal Emsian GSSP in the Prague Synform: Mramorka - a possible candidate section. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 57(2), 171-201.View article

Wetzel, A. & Bromley, R.G. 1996. Re-evaluation of ichnogenus Helminthopsis - a new look at the type material. Palaeontology 39(1), 1-19.

Williams, A., Carlson, S.J., Brunton, C.H.C., Holmer, L.E. & Popov, L.E. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351, 1171-1193.View article

Withers, H. 1926. Catalogue of the Machaeridia (Turrilepas and its allies) in the Department of Geology. 99 pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Želízko, J.V. 1934. Todesanzeige. J. J. Jahn. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 1934(10-12), 97-100.