An Integrated Stratigraphy of the Frasnian-Famennian Boundary Interval (Late Devonian) in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and Kellerwald (Germany)

 

Authors: Weiner T, Kalvoda J, Kumpan T, Schindler E, Šimiček D

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 92, issue 2; pages: 257 - 281; Received 19 September 2016; Accepted in revised form 13 June 2017; Online 30 June 2017

Keywords: Frasnian-Famennian boundary, Kellwasser Events, conodont and foraminifer biostratigraphy, microfacies, gamma-ray spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility, element geochemistry,

full text (PDF, 3.51 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Supplementary material

Appendix Table 3 (111 kB)

Median values of major and trace element concentrations for each section


Appendix Table 2 (21 kB)

Median magnetic susceptibility values for each section


Appendix Table 1 (15 kB)

Basic statistics of the measured gamma-ray values


 

Abstract

Rapid and profound changes in Earth surface environments and biota across the Frasnian-Famennian (Fr-Fa) boundary are well known and related to one of the five most severe mass extinction events in Earth history. Here, we present sedimentological, biostratigraphical, petrophysical (gamma-ray spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility) and geochemical (X-ray fluorescence) data from environmentally distinct sections in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and compare them with the Steinbruch Schmidt section in the Kellerwald (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany). Both areas were located at the southern margin of Laurussia. The studied sections span the interval from the Lower or Upper rhenana to the Palmatolepis minuta minuta or younger conodont zones and the foraminiferal Eonodosaria evlanensis Zone and Eonodosaria evlanensis-Quasiendothyra communis Interzone including high resolution biozonation of the Fr-Fa boundary interval. In the Moravian Karst pure limestone facies of an inclined carbonate ramp reflect the worldwide trend in the widespread occurrence of calcimicrobes during upper Frasnian and lower Famennian. Geochemical and petrophysical data show a decrease in grain size of the siliciclastic supply and carbonate productivity in the Kellwasser Event intervals probably due to a deepening and correlate with maximum flooding surfaces and highstand system tracts in the Steinbruch Schmidt. Certain differences in some geochemical proxies between the Moravian Karst and Steinbruch Schmidt are due to lower carbonate dilution of the latter. Significant Zr, TiO2, Mn or Fe2O3 enrichments may indicate the influence of volcanic sources in the studied Moravian Karst Fr-Fa sections.

References

ADACHI, N., EZAKI, Y. & LIU, J. 2004. The fabrics and origin of peloids immediately after the end-Permian extinction, Guizhou Province, South China. Sedimentary Geology 164, 161-178.View article

ALEKSEEV, A.S., KONONOVA, L.I. & NIKISHIN, A.M. 1996. The Devonian and Carboniferous of the Moscow Syneclise (Russian Platform): stratigraphy and sea-level changes. Tectonophysics 268, 149-168.View article

ALGEO, T.J. & SCHECKLER, S.E. 1998. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 353, 113-130.View article

ALGEO, T.J., BERNER, R.A., MAYNARD, J.B. & SCHECKLER, S.E. 1995. Late Devonian oceanic anoxic events and biotic crises: ’Rooted’ in the evolution of vascular land plants? GSA Today 5, 64-66.

ANTOSHKINA, A.I. 2006. Palaeoenvironmental implications of Palaeomicrocodium in Upper Devonian microbial mounds of the Chernyshev Swell, Timan-northern Ural Region. Facies 52, 611-625.View article

BÁBEK, O., KALVODA, J., ARETZ, M., COSSEY, P.J., DEVUYST, F.X., HERBIG, H.G. & SEVASTOPULO, G. 2010. The correlation potential of magnetic susceptibility and outcrop gamma-ray logs at Tournaisian-Viséan boundary sections in western Europe. Geologica Belgica 13, 291-307.

BÁBEK, O., KALVODA, J., COSSEY, P., ŠIMÍČEK, D., DEVUYST, F.X. & HARGREAVES, S. 2013. Facies and petrophysical signature of the Tournaisian/Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) sea-level cycle in carbonate ramp to basinal settings of the Wales-Brabant massif, British Isles. Sedimentary Geology 284-285, 197-213.View article

BÁBEK, O., KUMPAN, T., KALVODA, J. & MATYS GRYGAR, T. 2016. Devonian/Carboniferous boundary glacioeustatic fluctuations in a platform-to-basin direction: A geochemical approach of sequence stratigraphy in pelagic settings. Sedimentary Geology 337, 81-99.View article

BÁBEK, O., PŘIKRYL, T. & HLADIL, J. 2007. Progressive drowning of carbonate platform in the Moravo-Silesian Basin (Czech Republic) before the Frasnian/Famennian event: facies, compositional variations and gamma ray spectrometry. Facies 53(2), 293-316.View article

BOND, D.P.G. & WIGNALL, P. 2008. The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 263, 107-118.View article

BOND, D. & ZATOŃ, M. 2003. Gamma-ray spectrometry across the Upper Devonian basin succession at Kowala in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica 53, 93-99.

BOND, D., WIGNALL, P.B. & RACKI, G. 2004. Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria and France. Geological Magazine 141(2), 173-193.View article

BOND, D.P.G., ZATOŃ, M., WIGNALL, P.B. & MARYNOWSKI, L. 2013. Evidence for shallow water ’Upper Kellwasser’ anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian reefs of Alberta, Canada. Lethaia 46, 355-368.View article

BRATTON, J.F., BERRY, W.B.N. & MORROW, J.R. 1999. Anoxia predates Frasnian-Famennian boundary mass extinction horizont in the Great Basin, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154, 275-292.View article

BRETT, C.E., MCLAUGHLIN, P.I., SCHINDLER, E., HISTON, K. & FERRETTI, A. 2012. Time specific aspects of facies: State of the art, examples, and possible causes. Palaeogeography, Palaeocliamtology, Palaeoecology 367-368, 6-18.View article

BRUMSACK, H.J. 2006. The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: Implications for Cretaceous black shale formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232, 344-361.View article

BUGGISCH, W. 1972. Zur Geologie und Geochemie der Kellwasserkalke und ihrer begleitenden Sedimente (Unteres Oberdevon). Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 62, 1-68.

CALVERT, S.E. & PEDERSEN, T.F. 1993. Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments - implications for the geological record. Marine Geology 113, 67-88.View article

CASIER, J.G. & LETHIERS, F. 1998. Ostracods late Devonian mass extinction; the Schmidt Quarry parastratotype (Kellerwald, Germany). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences/Earth and Planetary Science 326, 71-78.View article

CHEN, D. & TUCKER, M.E. 2004. Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (Guilin, south China). Journal of the Geological Society, London 161, 895-898.View article

CHEN, D., QING, H. & LI, R. 2005. The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F/F) biotic crisis: insights from δ13Ccarb, δ 13Corg and 87Sr / 86Sr isotopic systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235, 151-166.View article

CHOW, N. & GEORGE, A.D. 2004. Tepee-shaped agglutinated microbialites: an example from a Famennian carbonate platform on the Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin, Western Australia. Sedimentology 51, 253-265.View article

COLLIN, P.Y., KERSHAW, S., TRIBOVILLARD, N., FOREL, M.B. & CRASQUIN, S. 2015. Geochemistry of post-extinction microbialites as a powerful tool to assess the oxygenation of shallow marine water in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. International Journal of Earth Sciences 104, 1025-1037.View article

COPPER, P. 2002. Reef development at the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 27-66.View article

CRICK, R.E., ELLWOOD, B.B., FEIST, R., EL HASSANI, A., SCHINDLER, E., DREESEN, R., OVER, D.J. & GIRARD, C. 2002. Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility of the Frasnian/Famennian boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 67-90.View article

DA SILVA, A.C., DE VLEESCHOUWER, D., BOULVAIN, F., CLAEYS, P., FAGEL, N., HUMBLET, M., MABILLE, C., MICHEL, J., SARDAR ABADI, M., PAS, D. & DEKKERS, M.J. 2013. Magnetic susceptibility as a high-resolution correlation tool and as a climatic proxy in Paleozoic rocks - Merits and pitfalls: Examples from the Devonian in Belgium. Marine and Petroleum Geology 46, 173-189.View article

DA SILVA, A.C., MABILLE, C. & BOULVAIN, F. 2009. Influence of sedimentary setting on the use of magnetic susceptibility: examples from the Devonian of Belgium. Sedimentology 56, 1292-1306.View article

DEAN, W.E. 2007. Sediment geochemical records of productivity and oxygen depletion along the margin of western North America during the past 60,000 years: teleconnections with Greenland Ice and the Cariaco Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 98-114.View article

DE VLEESCHOUWER, D., CRICIFIX, M., BOUNCEUR, N. & CLAEYS, P. 2014. The impact of astronomical forcing on the Late Devonian greenhouse climate. Global and Planetary Change 120, 65-80.View article

DEVLEESCHOUWER, X., HERBOSCH, A. & PRÉAT, A. 2002. Microfacies, sequence stratigraphy and clay mineralogy of a condensed deep-water section around the Frasnian/Famennian boundary (Steinbruch Schmidt, Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 171-193.View article

DEVLEESCHOUWER, X., RIQUIER, L., BÁBEK, O., DE VLEESHOUWER, D., PETITCLERC, E., STERCKX, S. & SPASSOV, S. 2015. Magnetization carriers of grey to red deep-water limestones in the GSSP of the Givetian-Frasnian boundary (Puech de la Suque, France): signals influenced by moderate diagenetic overprinting, 245-256. In DA SILVA, A.C., WHALEN, M.T., HLADIL, J., CHADIMOVÁ, L., CHEN, D., SPASSOV, S., BOULVAIN, F. & DEVLEESCHOUWER, X. (eds) Magnetic Susceptibility Application: A Window onto Ancient Environments and Climatic Variations. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 414.View article

DOPIERALSKA, J., BELKA, Z. & WALCZAK, A. 2016. Nd isotope composition of conodonts: An accurate proxy of sea-level fluctuations. Gondwana Research 34, 284-295.View article

DOVETON, J.H. & MERRIAM, D.F. 2004. Borehole petrophysical chemostratigraphy of Pennsylvanian black shales in the Kansas subsurface. Chemical Geology 206, 249-258.View article

DVOŘÁK, J. 1985. Tektogeneze devonu a spodního karbonu Hornoslezské pánve. Zemní plyn a Nafta 30(1), 1-14.

DYPVIK, H. & HARRIS, N.B. 2001. Geochemical facies analysis of fine-grained siliciclastics using Th/U, Zr/Rb and (Zr+Rb/Sr) ratios. Chemical Geology 181, 131-146.View article

ELLWOOD, B.B., CRICK, R.E., EL HASSANI, A., BENOIST, S.L. & YOUNG, R.H. 2000. Magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy method applied to marine rocks: detrital input versus carbonate productivity. Geology 28, 1135-1138.View article

FEIST, R. 1985. Devonian stratigraphy of the South-eastern Montagne Noire (France). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 331-352.

FEIST, R. & SCHINDLER, E. 1994. Trilobites during the Frasnian Kellwasser Cisis in European Late Devonian cephalopod limestones. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 169, 195-223.

FRALICK, P.W. & KRONBERG, B.I. 1997. Geochemical discrimination of clastic sedimentary rock sources. Sedimentary Geology 113, 111-124.View article

FRANKE, W. 1995. III.A Introduction, 29-30. In DALLMEYER, R.D., FRANKE, W. & WEBER, K. (eds) Pre-Permian Geology of Central and Eastern Europe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

¬FRANKE, W. 2002. The mid-European segment of the Variscides: tectonostratigraphic units, terrane boundaries and plate tectonic evolution, 35-61. In WINCHESTER, J.A., PHARAOH, T.C. & VERNIERS, J. (eds) Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 201.

GEORGE, A.D., CHOW, N. & TRINAJSTIC, K.M. 2014. Oxic facies and the Late Devonian mass extinction, Canning Basin, Australia. Geology 42, 327-330.View article

GEREKE, M. 2007. Die oberdevonische Kellwasser-Krise in der Beckenfazies von Rhenoherzynikum und Saxothuringikum (spätes Frasnium/frühestes Famennium, Deutschland). Kölner Forum für Geologie und Paläontologie 17, 1-228.

GEREKE, M. & SCHINDLER, E. 2012. “Time-Specific Facies” and biological crises - The Kellwasser Event interval near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary (Late Devonian). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 367-368, 19-29.View article

GEREKE, M., LUPPOLD, F.W., PIECHA, M., SCHINDLER, E. & STOPPEL, D. 2014. Die Typlokalität der Kellwasser-Horizonte im Oberharz, Deutschland. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 165(2), 145-162.View article

GILÍKOVÁ, H., LEICHMANN, J. & BURIÁNEK, D. 2006. Record of sialic volcanism found in the Devonian clastic sediments at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif. Geologické Výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku v roce 2005, 72-74. GIRARD, C. 1995. Les biofacies a conodontes a la limite Frasnien/Famennien en Montagne Noire (France). Implications stratigraphiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences/Series II a 321, 689-692.

GIRARD, C. & FEIST, R. 1997. Eustatic trends in conodont diversity across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the stratotype area, Montagne Noire, Southern France. Lethaia 29, 329-337.View article

GRIMM, M.C. 1998. Systematik und Paläoökologie der Buchiolinae nov. subfam. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen 118, 1-176.

GROOS-UFFENORDE, H. & SCHINDLER, E. 1990. The effect of global events on entomozoacean ostracods, 101-112. In WHATLEY, R. & MAYBURY, C. (eds) Ostracoda and Global Events. British Micropalaeontological Society Publication Series. Springer Chapman & Hall, London.

HALGEDAHL, S.L., JARRARD, R.D., BRETT, C.E. & ALLISON, P.A. 2009. Geophysical and geological signatures of relative sea level change in the upper Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, West-Central Utah: A perspective into exceptional preservation of fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 277(1-2), 34-56.View article

HALLAM, A. & WIGNALL, P.B. 1997. Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath. 325 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

HIPS, K. & HAAS, J. 2006. Calcimicrobial stromatolites at the Permian-Triassic boundary in a western Tethyan section, Bükk Mountains, Hungary. Sedimentary Geology 185, 239-253.View article

HLADIL, J. 2002. Geophysical records of dispersed weathering products on the Frasnian carbonate platform and early Famennian ramps in Moravia, Czech Republic: proxies for eustasy and palaeoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 213-250.View article

HLADIL, J., & KALVODA, J. 1993a. Devonian boundary intervals of Bohemia and Moravia especially the Eifelian/Givetian and Frasnian/Famenian events with respect to the Silurian/Devonian and Devonian/Carboniferous boundaries, 29-50. In NARKIEWICZ, M. (ed.) Global boundary events. Excursion guidebook, Warszawa.

HLADIL, J. & KALVODA, J. 1993b. Extinction and recovery successions on the Devonian marine shoals: the Eifelian-Givetian and Frasnian-Famennian events in Moravia and Bohemia. Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 68(4), 13-23.

HLADIL, J., GERSL, M., STRNAD, L., FRANA, J., LANGROVA, A. & SPISIAK, J. 2006. Stratigraphic variation of complex impurities in platform limestones and possible significance of atmospheric dust: a study with emphasis on gamma-ray spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility outcrop logging (Eifelian-Frasnian, Moravia, Czech Republic). International Journal of Earth Sciences 95(4), 703-723.View article

HLADIL, J., KREJCI, Z., KALVODA, J., GINTER, M., GALLE, A. & BEROUSEK, P. 1991. Carbonate ramp environment of Kellwasser time-interval; Lesni lom, Moravia, Czechoslovakia. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie 100(1-2), 57-119.

HOUSE, M.R. 2002. Strength, timing, setting and cause of midPalaeozoic extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 5-25.View article

HUANG, C. & GONG, Y. 2016. Timing and patterns of the Frasnian-Famennian event: Evidences from high-resolution conodont biostratigraphy and event stratigraphy at the Yangdi section, Guangxi, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 448, 317-338.View article

JANOUŠEK, V., AICHLER, J., HANŽL, P., GERDES, A., ERBAN, V., ŽÁČEK, V., PECINA, V., PUDILOVÁ, M., HRDLIČKOVÁ, K., MIXA, P. & ŽÁČKOVÁ, E. 2014. Constraining genesis and geotectonic setting of metavolcanic complexes: a multidisciplinary study of the Devonian Vrbno Group (Hrubý Jeseník Mts., Czech Republic). International Journal of Earth Sciences 103, 455-483.View article

JOACHIMSKI, M.M. & BUGGISCH, W. 1993. Anoxic events in the late Frasnian - Causes of the Frasnian-Famennian faunal crisis? Geology 21, 675-678.View article

JOACHIMSKI, M.M. & BUGGISCH, W. 2002. Conodont apatite ?18O signatures indicate climatic cooling as a trigger of the Late Devonian mass extinctions. Geology 30, 711-714.View article

JOACHIMSKI, M.M., OSTERTAG-HENNING, C., PANCOST, R.D., STRAUSS, H., FREEMAN, K.H., LITTKE, R., SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ, J.S. & RACKI, G. 2001. Water column anoxia, enhanced productivity and concomitant changes in δ 13C and δ 34S across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (Kowala - Holy Cross Mountains/Poland). Chemical Geology 175, 109-131.View article

JOACHIMSKI, M.M., PANCOST, R.D., FREEMAN, K.H., OSTERTAGHENNING, C. & BUGGISCH, W. 2002: Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Frasnian-Famennian transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 91-109.View article

JONES, B. & MANNING, D.A.C. 1994. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of paleoredox conditions in ancient mudstone. Chemical Geology 111, 111-129.View article

JONES, A.F., MACKLIN, M.G. & BREWER, P.A. 2012. A geochemical record of flooding on the upper River Severn, UK, during the last 3750 years. Geomorphology 179, 89-105.View article

KALVODA, J. 1998. The main phases of extension in the eastern part of the Rhenohercynian zone. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica 42(2), 274-275.

KALVODA, J. 2002. Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous foraminiferal fauna: zonation, evolutionary events, paleobiogeography and tectonic implications. Folia 39, 1-213.

KALVODA, J., BÁBEK, O., FATKA, O., LEICHMANN, J., MELICHAR, R. & ŠPAČEK, P. 2008. Brunovistulian terrane (Bohemian Massif, Central Europe) from late Proterozoic to late Paleozoic: a review. International Journal of Earth Sciences 97, 497-517.View article

KAMBER, B.S., BULHAR, R. & WEBB, G.E. 2004. Geochemistry of late Archaean stromatolites from Zimbabwe: evidence for microbial life in restricted epicontinental seas. Precambrian Research 132, 379-399.View article

KAUFMANN, B., TRAPP, E. & MEZGER, K. 2004. The Numerical Age of the Upper Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser Horizons: A New U-Pb Zircon Date from Steinbruch Schmidt (Kellerwald, Germany). The Journal of Geology 112, 495-501.View article

KIESSLING, W., FLÜGEL, E. & GOLONKA, J. 2000. Fluctuations in the carbonate production of Phanerozoic reefs, 191-215. In INSALACO, E., SKELTON, P.W & PALMER, J.T. (eds) Carbonate Platform Systems: Components and Interactions. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 178.

KLAPPER, G. 2007. Conodont taxonomy and the recognition of the Frasnian/Famennian (Upper Devonian) Stage Boundary. Stratigraphy 4(1), 67-76.

KLAPPER, G., FEIST, R., BECKER, R.T. & HOUSE, M.R. 1993. Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage boundary. Episodes 16(4), 433-441.View article

KOPTÍKOVÁ, L., BÁBEK, O., HLADIL, J., KALVODA, J. & SLAVÍK, L. 2010. Stratigraphic significance and resolution of spectral reflectance logs in Lower Devonian carbonates of the Barrandian area, Czech Republic; a correlation with magnetic susceptibility and gamma-ray logs. Sedimentary Geology 225, 83-98.View article

KRMÍČEK, L. 2006. Petrologický výzkum hádského slepence. 109 pp. Master thesis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

KUMPAN, T., BÁBEK, O., KALVODA, J., FRÝDA, J. & MATYS GRYGAR, T. 2014a. A high-resolution, multiproxy stratigraphic analysis of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and a correlation with the Carnic Alps (Austria). Geological Magazine 151, 201-215.View article

KUMPAN, T., BÁBEK, O., KALVODA, J., MATYS GRYGAR, T. & FRÝDA, J. 2014b. Sea-level and environmental changes around the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in the Namur-Dinant Basin (S Belgium, NE France): a multi-proxy stratigraphic analysis of carbonate ramp archives and its use in regional and interregional correlations. Sedimentary Geology 311, 43-59.View article

KUMPAN, T., BÁBEK, O., KALVODA, J., MATYS GRYGAR, T., FRÝDA, J., BECKER, R.T. & HARTENFELS, S. 2015. Petrophysical and geochemical signature of the Hangenberg Events: an integrated stratigraphy of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary interval in the Northern Rhenish Massif (Avalonia, Germany). Bulletin of Geosciences 90(3), 667-694.View article

LAZREQ, N. 1999. Biostratigraphie des conodontes du Givétien au Famennien du Maroc Central. Biofacies et événement Kellwasser. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 214, 1-111.

LI, Y.X. 2000. Famennian tentaculitids of China. Journal of Paleontology 74(5), 969-975.View article

LÜNING, S., ADAMSON, K. & CRAIG, J. 2003. Frasnian organic-rich shales in North Africa: regional distribution and depositional model, 165-184. In ARTUR, T., MACGREGOR, D.S. & CAMERON, N.R. (eds) Petroleum Geology of Africa: New Themes and Developing Technologies. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 207.

LÜNING, S., WENDT, J., BELKA, Z. & KAUFMANN, B. 2004. Temporal-spatial reconstruction of the early Frasnian (Late Devonian) anoxia in NW Africa; new field data from the Ahnet Basin (Algeria). Sedimentary Geology 163, 237-264.View article

LYONS, T. W. & SEVERMANN, S. 2006. A critical look at iron paleoredox proxies: New insights from modern euxinic marine basins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 5698-5722.View article

MARYNOWSKI, L., RAKOCIŃSKI, M., BORCUCH, E., KREMER, B., SCHUBERT, B.A. & JAHREN, A.H. 2011. Molecular and petrographic indicators of redox conditions and bacterial communities after the F/F mass extinction (Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 306, 1-14.View article

MARYNOWSKI, L., ZATOŃ, M., RAKOCIŃSKI, M., FILIPIAK, P., KURKIEWICZ, S. & PEARCE, T.J. 2012. Deciphering the upper Famennian Hangenberg Black Shale depositional environments based on multi-proxy record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 346-347, 66-86.View article

MATYJA, H. & NARKIEWICZ, M. 1992. Conodont biofacies succession near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary - Some Polish examples. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 154, 125-147.

MAYNARD, J.B. 2005. Manganiferous Sediments, Rocks, and Ores, 289-308. In MACKENZIE, F.T. (ed.) Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks, Treatise on Geochemistry 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam. MCGHEE, G.R. JR. 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction. The Frasnian-Famennian Crisis. 303 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.View article

MCGHEE, G.R. JR. 2013. When the Invasion of Land Failed. The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions, 317 pp. Columbia University Press, New York. MCLAREN, D.J. 1970. Presidential address: time, life and boundaries. Journal of Paleontology 48, 801-815.

MEISCHNER, D. 1971. Clastic sedimentation in the Variscan geosyncline east of the River Rhine, 9-43. In MÜLLER, G. (ed.) Sedimentology of Parts of Central Europe. International Sedimentological Congress, Guidebook 8, Heidelberg.

MORFORD, J.L., MARTIN, W.R., FRANCOIS, R. & CARNEY, C.M. 2009. A model for uranium, rhenium, and molybdenum diagenesis in marine sediments based on results from coastal locations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2938-2960.View article

MURPHY, A.E., SAGEMAN, B.B., HOLLANDER, D.J., LYONS, T.W. & BRETT, C.E. 2000. Black shale deposition and faunal overturn in the Devonian Appalachian basin: clastic starvation, seasonal water column mixing, and efficient biolimiting nutrient recycling. Paleoceanography 15, 280-291.View article

NIEBUHR, B. 2005. Geochemistry and time-series analyses of orbitally forced Upper Cretaceous marl-limestone rhythmites (Lehrte West Syncline, northern Germany). Geological Magazine 142, 31-55.View article

NOVÁKOVÁ, T., MATYS GRYGAR, T., BÁBEK, O., FAMĚRA, M., MIHALJEVIČ, M. & STRNAD, L. 2013. Distinguishing regional and local sources of pollution by trace metals and magnetic particles in fluvial sediments of the Morava River, Czech Republic. Journal of Soils and Sediments 13, 460-473.View article

OLEMPSKA, E. 2002. The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47(2), 247-266.

OVER, D.J. 2002. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary in central and eastern United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 153-169.View article

OVER, D.J. & SCHINDLER, E. 2003. Depositional similarities in selected Late Devonian Kellwasser Horizons: Germany, Morocco, and Eastern United States. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 35(6), 384.

PLANK, T. & LANGMUIR, C.H. 1998. The geochemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325-394.View article

POSENATO, R., HOLMER, L.E. & PRINOTH, H. 2014. Adaptive strategies and environmental significance of lingulid brachiopods across the late Permian extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 399, 373-384.DOI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.028 View article

PŘICHYSTAL, A. 1993. Paleozoic to Quaternary volcanism in the geological history of Moravia and Silesia, 59-70. In PŘICHYSTAL, A., OBSTOVÁ, V. & SUK, M. (eds) Geologie Moravy a Slezska, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University.

PUJOL, F., BERNER, D. & STÜBEN, D. 2006. Palaeoenvironmental changes at the Frasnian/Famennian boundary in key European sections: Chemostratigraphic constraints. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240, 120-145.View article

RABIEN, A. 1956. Zur Stratigraphie und Fazies des Oberdevons in der Waldecker Hauptmulde. Abhandlungen des hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 16, 1-83.

RACHOLD, V. & BRUMSACK, H.J. 2001. Inorganic geochemistry of Albian sediments from the Lower Saxony basin, NW Germany: paleoenvironmental constraints and orbital cycles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 174, 123-144.View article

RACKI, G. 2005. Towards understanding Late Devonian global events: few answers, many questions, 5-36. In OVER, D.J., MORROW, J.R. & WIGNALL, P.B. (eds) Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events: Towards an Integrated Approach. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy Series 20. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

RACKI, G. 2012. The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the “great expectations syndrome”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57(4), 681-702.View article

RACKI, G., BALIŃSKI, A., WRONA, R., MAŁKOWSKI, K., DRYGANT, D. & SZANIAWSKI, H. 2012. Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ 13C, δ 18O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57(4), 795-832.View article

RACKI, G., RACKA, M., MATYJA, H. & DEVLEESCHOUWER, X. 2002. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval in the South Polish-Moravian shelf basins: integrated event-stratigraphical approach. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 181, 251-297.View article

RAKOCIŃSKI, M. & RACKI, G. 2016. Microbialites in the shallow-water marine environments of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) in the aftermath of the Frasnian-Famennian biotic cisis. Global and Planetary Change 136, 30-40.View article

RAKOCIŃSKI, M., PISARZOWSKA, A., JANISZEWSKA, K. & SZREK, P. 2016. Depositional conditions during the Lower Kellwasser Event (Late Frasnian) in the deep-shelf Łysogory Basin of the Holy Cross Mountains Poland. Lethaia 49, 571-590.View article

RIDER, M.H. 1999. The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs. 288 pp. Whittles Publishing Services, Dunbeath.

RIQUIER, L., AVERBUCH, O., DEVLEESCHOUWER, X. & TRIBOVILLARD, N. 2009. Diagenetic versus detrital origin of the magnetic susceptibility variations in some carbonate Frasnian-Famennian boundary sections from Northern Africa and Western Europe: implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, 57-73.View article

RIQUIER, L., TRIBOVILLARD, N., AVERBUCH, O., DEVLEESCHOUWER, X. & RIBOULLEAU, A. 2006. The Late Frasnian Kellwasser horizons of the Harz Mountains (Germany): two oxygen-deficient periods resulting from different mechanisms. Chemical Geology 233, 137-155.View article

RIQUIER, L., TRIBOVILLARD, N., AVERBUCH, O., JOACHIMSKI, M.M., RACKI, G., DEVLEESCHOUWER, X., EL ALBANI, A. & RIBOULLEAU, A. 2005. Productivity and bottom water redox conditions at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary on both sides of the Eovariscan Belt: constraints from trace element geochemistry, 199-224. In OVER, D.J., MORROW, J.R. & WIGNALL, P.B. (eds) Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic biotic and climatic events: towards an integrated approach. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 20. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

RUFFELL, A. & WORDEN, R. 2000. Palaeoclimate analysis using spectral gamma-ray data from the Aptian (Cretaceous) of southern England and southern France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155, 265-283.View article

SAGEMAN, B.B. & LYONS, T.W. 2005. Geochemistry of fine-grained sediments and sedimentary rocks, 115-158. In MACKENZIE, F.T. (ed.) Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks, Treatise on Geochemistry 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

SANDBERG, C.A., ZIEGLER, W., DREESEN, R. & BUTLER, J.L. 1988. Late Frasnian mass extinction: conodont event stratigraphy, global changes, and possible causes. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 102, 263-307.

SCHINDLER, E. 1988. Stop B 12 Aeke valley. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 102, 211-213.

SCHINDLER, E. 1990a. The Late Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser Crisis. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 30, 151-159.View article

SCHINDLER, E. 1990b. Die Kellwasser-Krise (hohe Frasne-Stufe, Ober-Devon). Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie 46, 1-115.

SCHINDLER, E. 1993. Event-stratigraphical markers within the Kellwasser Crisis near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary (Upper Devonian) in Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 104, 115-125.View article

SCHINDLER, E. 2012. Tentaculitoids - an enigmatic group of Palaeozoic fossils, 479-490. In TALENT, J.A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global Biodiversity, Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations Through Time. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York.View article

SCHINDLER, E., SCHÜLKE, I. & ZIEGLER, W. 1998. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary at the Sessacker Trench section near Oberscheld (Dill Syncline, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany). Senckenbergiana lethaea, 77(1-2), 243-261.View article

SCHLEGEL, M.S., MANCEAU, A., CHARLET, L., CHATEIGNER, D. & HAZEMANN, J.L. 2001. Sorption of metal ions on clay minerals. III. Nucleation and epitaxial growth of Zn phyllosilicate on the edges of hectorite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65(22), 4155-4170.View article

SCHMIDT, H. 1925. Schwellen- und Beckenfazies im ostrheinischen Paläozoikum. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 77, 226-234.

SCHMIDT, H. 1935. Die bionomische Einteilung der fossilen Meeresböden. Fortschritte der Geologie und Paläontologie 12, 1-154.

SCHNETGER, B., BRUMSACK, H.J., SCHALE, H., HINRICHS, J. & DITTERT, L. 2000. Geochemical characteristics of deep-sea sediments from the Arabian Sea: a high-resolution study. Deep Sea Research II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 47, 2735-2768.View article

SCHÜLKE, I. 1995. Evolutive Prozesse bei Palmatolepis in der frühen Famenne-Stufe (Conodonta, Oberdevon). Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie 67, 1-108.

SCHULTE, P. & SPEIJER, R.P. 2009. Late Maastrichtian-Early Paleocene sea level and climate changes in the Antioch Church Core (Alabama, Gulf of Mexico margin, USA): A multi-proxy approach. Geologica Acta 7, 11-34.

SDIRI, A.T., HIGASHI, T. & JAMOUSSI, F. 2014. Adsorption of copper and zinc onto natural clay in single and binary systéme. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, 1081-1092.View article

SHEN, J.W., WEBB, G.E. 2008. The role of microbes in reef-building communities of the Cannindah limestone (Mississippian), Monto region, Queensland, Australia. Facies 54, 89-105.View article

SHEN, J.W., WEBB, G.E. & JELL, J.S. 2008. Platform margins, reef facies, and microbial carbonates; a comparison of Devonian reef complexes in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, and the Guilin region, South China. Earth-Science Reviews 88, 33-59.View article

SHEN, J.W., WEBB, G.E. & QING, H. 2010. Microbial mounds prior to the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinctions, Hantang, Guilin, South China. Sedimentology 57, 1615-1639.View article

ŚLIWIŃSKI, M.G., WHALEN, M.T. & DAY, J. 2010. Trace element variations in the Middle Frasnian punctata Zone (Late Devonian) in the western Canada sedimentary basin - changes in oceanic bioproductivity and paleoredox spurred by a pulse of terrestrial afforestation? Geologica Belgica 13(4), 459-482.

SPALLETTA, C., PERRI, M.C., OVER, D.J. & CORRADINI, C. 2017. Famennian (Upper Devonian) conodont zonation: revised global standard. Bulletin of Geosciences 92(1), 31-57.View article

ŠTELCL, J. 1969. Polymiktní slepence z Hádů u Brna. Folia Univerisitatis Purkynianae brunensis, Geologia 19, 3-38.

STREITOVÁ, M. 1994. Hranice frasnu a famenu mezi Hády a Šumberovou skálou v jižní části Moravského krasu. Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku v roce 1993, 65-66.

SZULCZEWSKI, M. 1989. Swiatowe I regionalne zdarzenia w zapisie stratygraficznym pogranicza franu I famenu Gór Swietodrzyskich. Przeglad geologiczny 11, 551-557.

TAYLOR, S.R. & MCLENNAN, S.M. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. 312 pp. Blackwell, Palo Alto.

TRIBOVILLARD, N., ALGEO, T.J., LYONS, T. & RIBOULLEAU, A. 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update. Chemical Geology 232, 12-32.View article

TRIBOVILLARD, N., AVERBUCH, O., DEVLEESCHOUWER, X., RACKI, G. & RIBOLLEAU, A. 2004. Deep-water anoxia over the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (La Serre, France): a tectonically induced oceanic anoxic event? Terra Nova 16, 288-295.View article

TUCKER, M.E. 1974. Sedimentology of Palaeozoic pelagic limestones: The Devonian Griotte (Southern France) and Cephalopodenkalk (Germany), 71-92. In HSÜ, K.J. & JENKYNS, H.C. (eds) Pelagic Sediments: on Land and under the Sea. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists 1. Blackwell, Oxford.View article

TUCKER, M.E. & WRIGHT, V.P. 1990. Carbonate depositional systems II: deeper-water facies of pelagic and resedimented limestones, 228-283. In TUCKER, M.E. & WRIGHT, V.P. (eds) Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford.View article

VAN DERWEIJDEN, C.H. 2002. Pitfalls of normalization of marine geochemical data using a common divisor. Marine Geology 184, 167-187.View article

WALLISER, O.H. 1984a. Geologic processes and global events. Terra Cognita 4, 17-20.

WALLISER, O.H. 1984b. Pleading for a natural D/C-boundary. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 67, 241-246.

WALLISER, O.H. 1986. The IGCP Project 216 “Global Biological Events in Earth History”. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 8, 1-4.View article

WALLISER, O.H. 1996. Global events in the Devonian and Carboniferous, 225-250. In WALLISER, O.H. (ed.) Global events and event stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin.View article

WENDT, J. & BELKA, Z. 1991. Age and depositional environment of Upper Devonian (Early Frasnian to Early Famennian) black shales and limestones (Kellwasser Facies) in the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Facies 25, 51-90.View article

WHALEN, M.T. & DAY, J. 2010. Cross-basin variations in magnetic susceptibility infuenced by changing sea level, paleogeography, and paleoclimate: upper Devonian, Western Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research 80, 1109-1127.View article

WHALEN, M.T., DAY, J., EBERLI, G.P. & HOMEWOOD, P.W. 2002. Microbial carbonates as indicators of environmental change and biotic crises in carbonate systems: examples from the Late Devonian, Alberta Basin, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181, 127-151.View article

WHALEN, M.T., ŚLIWIŃSKI, M.G., PAYNE, J.H., DAY, J.E., CHEN, D. & DA SILVA, A.C. 2015. Chemostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility of the Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian transition in western Canada and southern China: implications for carbon and nutrient cycling and mass extinction, 37-72. In DA SILVA, A.C., WHALEN, M.T., HLADIL, J., CHADIMOVA, L., CHEN, D., SPASSOV, S., BOULVAIN, F. & DEVLEESCHOUWER, X. (eds) Magnetic Susceptibility Application: A Window onto Ancient Environments and Climatic Variations. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 414.

WIGNALL, P.B. & MYERS, K.J. 1988. Interpreting benthic oxygen levels in mudrocks: a new approach. Geology 16, 452-455.View article

WOOD, R. 2000. Palaeoecology of a Late Devonian back reef: Canning Basin, Western Australia. Palaeontology 43(4), 671-703.View article

WOOD, R. 2004. Palaeoecology of a post-extinction reef: Famennian (Late Devonian) of the Canning Basin, North-Western Australia. Palaeontology 47(2), 415-445.View article

YUDINA, B.A., RACKI, G., SAVAGE, N.M., RACKA, M. & MAŁKOWSKI, K. 2002. The Frasnian-Famennian events, Subpolar Urals: biotic, depositional, and geochemical records. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47, 355-372.

ZATOŃ, M., ZHURAVLEV, A.V., RAKOCIŃSKI, M., FILIPIAK, P., BORSZCZ, T., KRAWCZYŃSKI, W., WILSON, M.A. & SOKIRAN, E.V. 2014. Microconchid-dominated cobbles from the Upper Devonian of Russia: opportunism and dominance in a restricted environment following the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 401, 142-153.View article

ZHENG, Y., ANDERSON, R.F., VAN GEEN, A. & FLEISHER, M.Q. 2002. Preservation of nonlithogenic particulate uranium in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 3085-3092.View article

ZIEGLER, W. (1962): Taxonomie und Phylogenie oberdevonischer Conodonten und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung. Abhandlungen des hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 38, 1-166.

ZIEGLER, W. (1969): Eine neue Conodontenfauna aus dem höhsten Oberdevon. Fortschritte Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 17, 171-191.

ZIEGLER, W. & SANDBERG, C.A. 1990. The Late Devonian Conodont Standard Zonation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 121, 1-115.

ZUKALOVÁ, V. 1980. Stromatoporoids in the Devonian carbonate complex in Moravia (Czechoslovakia). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 25, 671-679.