Uppermost Ordovician bivalves from the Prague Basin (Hirnantian, Perunica, Bohemia)

 

Authors: Kříž J, Steinová M

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 84, issue 3; pages: 409 - 436; Received 27 April 2009; Accepted in revised form 5 June 2009; Online 14 August 2009

Keywords: Bivalvia, uppermost Ordovician, late Hirnantian, systematics, palaeoecology, Perunica, Prague Basin, Bohemia,

full text (PDF, 4.85 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Abstract

Twelve species (four new) and 9 genera of bivalves are described from the uppermost Hirnantian, Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin, Bohemia: Praenucula dispar (Barrande, 1881), Praenucula abrupta sp. nov., Sluha kosoviensis (Barrande, 1881), Nuculites aff. planulatus Conrad, 1841, Myoplusia contrastans (Barrande, 1881), Myoplusia obtusa (Barrande, 1881), Myoplusia sp., Metapalaeoneilo dromon sp. nov., Praeleda compar (Barrande, 1881), Mytilarca mareki sp. nov., Modiolopsis pragensis sp. nov., and ?Sphenolium cf. parallelum Ulrich, 1894. From the coarse, storm generated sandstones representing the additional regressive event, when the shelf was channelled, and coarse material transported from the shore in the late Hirnantian, the low diversified, almost monospecific Modiolopsis pragensis Community, of the Modiolopsis Community Group, was described. It indicates restricted living conditions. 11 bivalve species form, together with 25 species of brachiopods, 5 species of gastropods, and undescribed conulariids, hexactinellids, trepostomate bryozoans, annelids, hyolithids, orthocone nautiloids, rare ostracods, phyllocarids, blastoids, cystoids, crinoids, dendroids, graptolites, and chlorophytes (receptaculitids) the redefined Hirnantia sagittifera–Sluha kosoviensis Community. It represents the most diversified community of the Hirnantia Community Group known in the World. We suppose that the Hirnantia sagittifera–Sluha kosoviensis Community occupied the well-ventilated environment of the soft bottom carbonate silts with high organic content. The community was most probably autochthonous, with minimal transport as is indicated by the common preservation of shells with conjoined valves (articulate brachiopods, semi-infaunal bivalve Mytilarca mareki, and infaunal bivalves). The bivalves Mytilarca mareki and Metapalaeoneilo dromon sp. nov., Nuculites aff. planulatus, and ?Sphenolium cf. parallelum may have originated in the Baltica carbonate platforms and the equatorial regions of Avalonia and Laurentia and support the ideas about the position of the Kosov Province in the temperate-to-subtropical zone (between 30° to 45° S). For the analogous and homologous communities we described the Hirnantia Community Group as a substitute for the term “Hirnantia fauna”. The Hirnantia Community Group was most probably extending from the circumpolar sphere into the temperate to tropical zones in proximity to the carbonate platforms. In Bohemia and elsewhere it occurs just a few metres below the Ordovician-Silurian boundary and represents the evidence of the environmental recovery during the uppermost Ordovician transgression following the Upper Ordovician global glaciation

References

Adams, H. & Adams, A. 1854-1858. The genera of Recent Mollusca arranged according to their organization. 661 pp. J. van Vorst, London.

Babin, C. 1966. Mollusques Bivalves et Céphalopodes du Paléozoique armoricain. 470 pp., 18 pls. Imprimerie Commerciale et Administrative, Brest.

Babin, C. & Beaulieu, G. 2003. Les Mollusques Bivalves de l’Ordovicien de Saint-Clément-de-la-Place (Maine-et-Loire, sud-est du Massif Armoricain). Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles de l’Ouest de la France, nouvelle série 25(4), 177-206.

Babin, C. & Destombes, J. 1990. Les Mollusques Bivalves et Rostroconches ordoviciens de l’Anti-Atlas marocain: Intéret paléogéographique de leur inventaire. Géologie Méditerranéenne 17(3-4), 243-261.

Babin, C. & Destombes, J. 1990. Les Mollusques Bivalves et Rostroconches ordoviciens de l’Anti-Atlas marocain: Intéret paléogéographique de leur inventaire. Géologie Méditerranéenne 17(3-4), 243-261.View article

Babin, C. & Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C. 1991. Middle Ordovician Bivalves from Spain and their phyletic and palaeogeographic significance. Palaeontology 34(1), 109-147.

Babin, C. & Hamman, W. 2001. Une nouvelle espece de Modiolopsis (Bivalvia) dans l’Arenig (Ordovicien inférieur) de Daroca (Aragon, Espagne); réflexions sur la denture des bivalves primitifs. Revista Espanola de Paleontología 16(2), 269-282.

Babin, C. & Melou, M. 1972. Mollusques Bivalves et Brachiopodes des “schistes de Raguenez “ (Ordovicien supérieur du Finistere); conséquences stratigraphiques et paléobiogéographiques. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 92(2), 79-94.

Barrande, J. 1846. Notice préliminaire sur le systeme et les Trilobites de Boheme. 97 pp. Leipsic.

Barrande, J. 1852. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. Trilobites 1. 935 pp., 51 pls. Prague & Paris.

Barrande, J. 1852. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. Trilobites 1. 935 pp., 51 pls. Prague & Paris.View article

Barrande, J. 1881. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. Classe des Mollusques, ordre des Acéphalés 6. 342 pp., 356 pls. Prague & Paris.

Bassler, R. S. 1915. Bibliographic index of American and Silurian Fossils. United States National Museum Bulletin 92(2), 719-1521.

Beurlen, K. 1944. Beiträge zur Stammesgeschichte der Muscheln. Sitzungsberichte. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 1-2, 133-145.

Boucot, A.J. 1975. Evolution and extinction rate controls. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 1. 427 pp. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

Boucot, A.J. & Kříž, J. 1999. Definition of the terms “homologous” and “analogous” community, 32. In Boucot, A.J. & Lawson, J.D. (eds) Paleocommunities: a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian, World and Regional Geology Series 11. xv + 895 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bradshaw, M.A. 1971. The dentition and musculature of some Middle Ordovician (Llandeilo) bivalves from Finistere, France. Palaeontology 13(4), 623-645.

Bradshaw, M.A. 1978. Position of soft parts in fossil palaeotaxodont bivalves as suggested by features of the shell interior. Alcheringa 2, 203-215.View article

Bradshaw, M.A. 1999. Lower Devonian bivalves from the Reefton Group, New Zealand. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, Memoir 20, 1-171.

Brenchley, P.J. & Cocks, L.R.M. 1982. Ecological associations in a regressive sequence: the latest Ordovician of the Oslo-Asker District, Norway. Palaeontology 25(4), 783-815.

Brenchley, P.J., Romano, M., Young, T.P. & Štorch, P. 1991. Hirnantian glaciomarine diamictites - evidence for the spread of glaciation and its effects on Upper Ordovician faunas. In Barnes, C.B. & Williams, S.H. (eds) Advances in Ordovician Geology, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-9, 325-336.

Brenchley, P.J. & Štorch, P. 1989. Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia. Geological Journal 24, 161-181.

Brenchley, P.J. & Štorch, P. 1989. Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia. Geological Journal 24, 161-181.View article

Bretsky, S.S. & Bretsky, P.W. 1977. Morphological variability and change in the palaeotaxodont bivalve mollusk Nuculites planulatus (Upper Ordovician of Quebec). Journal of Paleontology 51(2), 256-271.

Brongniart, A. 1822. Les trilobites. In Brongniart, A. & Desmarest, A.G. Histoire naturelle des crustacés fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et géologiques. 65 pp. F.G. Levrault, Paris.

Brongniart, A. 1822. Les trilobites. In Brongniart, A. & Desmarest, A.G. Histoire naturelle des crustacés fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et géologiques. 65 pp. F.G. Levrault, Paris.View article

Carter, J.G. 2001. Shell and ligament microstructure of selected Silurian and Recent palaeotaxodont (Mollusca: Bivalvia). American Malacological Bulletin 16, 217-238.

Conrad, T.A. 1838. Report on the palaeontological department of the survey (of New York). New York Geological Survey Annual Report 2, 107-119.

Conrad, T.A. 1841. Annual report of the paleontology of the State of New York. New York Geological Survey Annual Report 5, 25-57.

Conrad, T.A. 1842. Observations on the Silurian and Devonian systems of the United States, with descriptions of new organic remains. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 8(2), 228-280.

Cope, J.C.W. 1997. The early phylogeny of the class Bivalvia. Palaeontology 40(3), 713-746.

Cope, J.C.W. 1999. Midle Ordovician Bivalves from Mid- Wales and the Welsh Borderland. Palaeontology 42(3), 467-499.View article

Cope, J.C.W. 2000. A new look at early bivalve phylogeny, 81-95. In Harper, E.M., Taylor, J.D. & Crame, J.A. (eds) The evolutionary biology of Bivalvia. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication 177.

Cope, J.C.W. 2000. A new look at early bivalve phylogeny, 81-95. In Harper, E.M., Taylor, J.D. & Crame, J.A. (eds) The evolutionary biology of Bivalvia. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication 177.View article

Cope, J.C.W. 2002. Diversification and biogeography of bivalves during the Ordovician Period, 25-52. In Crame, J.A. & Owen, A.W. (eds) Palaeogeography and Biodiversity Change: the Ordovician and Mesozoic-Cenozoic Radiations. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 194.

Cope, J.C.W. 2005. Bivalve and rostroconch molluscs, 196-208. In Webby, B.D., Paris, F., Droser, M. & Percival, I.G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York.

Dall, W.H. 1889. On the hinge of pelecypods and its development with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Sciences, Third Series 38 (228), 445-462.

Dall, W.H. 1889. On the hinge of pelecypods and its development with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Sciences, Third Series 38 (228), 445-462.View article

Dalman, J.W. 1828. Uppställning och Beskriftning af de i Sverige funne Terebratuliter. Kunglige Svenska Vetenskapsakkademiens Handlingar 1827, 85-155.

Davitašvili, L.Š. & Merklin, R.L. 1966. Spravočnik po ekologii morskich dvustvorok. (Handbook on marine bivalves ecology). 349 pp. Nauka, Moskva.

Droser, M.L. & Sheehan, P.M. 1995. Paleontological significance of the Ordovician radiation and end Ordovician extinction: evidence from the Great Basin, 64-106. In Cooper, J.D. (ed.) Ordovician of the Great Basin: Fieldtrip guidebook and volume for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. The Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Fullerton, California, USA.

Elles, G.L. & Wood, E.M.R. 1907. A monograph of British graptolites. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 6(1907), 217-272.

Fischer, P. 1880-1887. Manuel de conchyliologie et de paléontologie conchyliologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivants et fossiles. 1880, pp. 1-112; 1881, pp. 113-304; 1882, pp. 305-416; 1883, pp. 417-608; 1884, pp. 609-688; 1885, pp. 689-896; 1886, pp. 897-1008; 1887, pp. 1009-1369. F. Savy, Paris.

Foerste, A.F. 1914. Notes on the Lorraine faunas of New York and the province Quebec. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Bulletin 17, 247-339.

Fuchs, A. 1919. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Devon Fauna der Verse und Hobräcker Schichten des sauerländischen Faciesgebietes. Jahrbuch der Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt 39(1918), 58-95.

Gray, J.E. 1824. A natural arrangement of Mollusca, according to internal structure. Repository 15, 229-239.

Gray, J.E. 1847. A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London 15, 129-219.

Grobben, K. 1894. Zur Kenntniss der Morphologie, Verwandschaftsverhältnisse und des Systems der Mollusken. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 103, 61-86.

Hall, J. 1847. Natural History of New York. Paleontology. Vol. 1. 338 pp., 88 pls. Geological Survey of New York, New York.

Hall, J. & Whitfield, R.P. 1869. Preliminary notice of the lamellibranchiate shells of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung groups, with others from the Waverly sandstones, Part 2. 80 pp.

Havlíček, V. 1950. The geology of the Lower Paleozoic of Úvaly. Sborník Státního geologického ústavu Československé republiky, Oddíl geologický 17, 141-184. [in Czech]

Havlíček, V. 1976. Evolution of Ordovician brachiopod communities in the Mediterranean Province, 349-358. In Bassett, M.G. (ed.) The Ordovician System: proceedings of a Palaeontological Association symposium, Birmingham, September 1974. 696 pp. University of Wales Press & National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

Havlíček, V. 1977. Brachiopods of the Order Orthida in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického 44, 1-327, 56 pls.

Havlíček, V. 1982. Ordovician in Bohemia: development of the Prague Basin and its benthic communities. Sborník geologických věd, Geologie 37, 193-136.

Havlíček, V. 1987. Ordovician, 13-20. In Straka, J. (ed.) Explanation of the geological map ČSSR 1 : 25 000, 12-244 Praha-east. 72 pp. Ústřední ústav geologický, Praha. [in Czech]

Havlíček, V. 1989. Climatic changes and development of benthic communities through the Mediterranean Ordovician. Sborník geologických věd, Geologie 44, 79-116.

Havlíček, V. 1994. Kosovian inarticulate brachiopods and their ancestors (Late Ordovician, Prague Basin). Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 69(1), 59-67.

Havlíček, V. 1998. Ordovician, 41-79. In Chlupáč, I., Havlíček, V., Kříž, J., Kukal, Z. & Štorch, P. Paleozoic of the Barrandian (Cambrian to Devonian). 183 pp. Český geologický ústav, Praha.

Havlíček, V. & Vaněk, J. 1990. Ordovician invertebrate communities in black-shale lithofacies (Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia). Věstník Českého geologického ústavu 65(4), 223-236.

Havlíček, V., Vaněk, J. & Fatka, O. 1994. Perunica microcontinent in the Ordovician (its position within the Mediterranean Province, series division, benthic and pelagic associations). Sborník geologických věd, Geologie 46, 23-56.

Iredale, T. 1924. Results from Roy Bell’s Molluscan collections. Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales 49, 179-278.

Isberg, O. 1934. Studien über Lamellibranchiata des Leptaenakalkes in Dalarna. 493 pp. Hakan Ohlssons, Lund.

Korobkov, I.A. 1954. Handbook of Tertiary molluscs, bivalves. 444 pp. Gostoptex, Leningrad.

Kříž, J. 1969. Genus Butovicella Kříž, 1965 in the Silurian of Bohemia (Bivalvia). Journal of Geological Sciences, Palaeontology 10, 105-139.

Kříž, J. 1997. Remarks on the paleoecology of the Prague Basin Ordovician Bivalvia. Zprávy o geologických výzkumech v roce 1996, 168-172. [in Czech]

Kříž, J. 1999. Bivalvia dominated communities of Bohemian type from the Silurian and Lower Devonian carbonate facies, 229-252. In Boucot, A.J. & Lawson, J.D. (eds) Final report, project Ecostratigraphy. Paleocommunities: A case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. 895 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kříž, J. 2008. A new bivalve community from the lower Ludlow of the Prague Basin (Perunica, Bohemia). Bulletin of Geosciences 83(3), 237-280.View article

Lamcke, K. 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Muschelfauna des obersilurischen Beyrichienkalkes. Zeitschrift für Geschiebeforschung 10, 185-199.

Lespérance, P.J. 1974. The Hirnantian fauna of the Percé Area (Québec) and the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. American Journal of Science 274, 10-30.

Lespérance, P.J. 1974. The Hirnantian fauna of the Percé Area (Québec) and the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. American Journal of Science 274, 10-30.View article

Lespérance, P.J. & Sheehan, P.M. 1976. Brachiopods from the Hirnantian stage (Ordovician-Silurian) at Percé, Québec. Palaeontology 19(4), 719-731.

Liljedahl, L. 1994. Silurian nuculoid and modiomorphid bivalves from Sweden. Fossils and Strata 33, 1-89.

Linné, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. 824 pp. Holmiae.

Linné, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. 824 pp. Holmiae.View article

Marek, L. 1951. Nové nálezy ve vrstvách kosovských (dξ2). Sborník Ústředního ústavu geologického k šedesátinám prof. Radima Kettnera 18, 233-244.

Marek, L. 1963a. Bellerophontid gastropods in the Kosov Beds (Ordovician) of Bohemia. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 38, 273-276.

Marek, L. 1963b. Research of the Kosov Formation fauna, Bohemian Ordovician. Zprávy o geologických výzkumech v roce 1962, 103-104. [in Czech]

Marek, L. & Havlíček, V. 1967. The articulate brachiopods of the Kosov Formation (Upper Ashgillian). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 42(4), 275-284.

McAlester, A.L. 1968. Type species of Paleozoic nuculoid bivalve genera. Memoir of the Geological Society of America 105, 1-143.

McAlester, A.L. 1968. Type species of Paleozoic nuculoid bivalve genera. Memoir of the Geological Society of America 105, 1-143.View article

McAlester, A.L. 1969. Palaeotaxodonta (Bivalvia), N227-N243. In Moore, R.C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. 487 pp. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

Mergl,M. 1986. Craniopsidae (Inarticulata, Brachiopoda) in the Ordovician-Silurian sequence of the Prague Basin (Bohemia). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 61(3), 183-186.

Mikuláš, R. 1992. Trace fossils from the Kosov Formation of the Bohemian Upper Ordovician. Sborník geologických věd, Palaeontologie 32, 9-54.

Miller, S.A. 1877. The American Palaeozoic fossils, a catalogue of the genera and species. 253 pp. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Miller, S.A. 1881. Description of five new species of Silurian fossils, and remarks upon an undetermined form. The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3(4), 314-317.

Miller, S.A. 1889. North American geology and palaeontology. 664 pp. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Munier-Chalmas, E.C.P.A. 1876. Mollusques nouveaux des terrains paléozoiques des environs de Rennes. Journal de Conchyliologie 24(3),16, 102-109.

Neumayr, M. 1884. Zur Morphologie der Bivalvenschlosses. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 88(2), 385-419.

Neumayr, M. 1891. Beiträge zu einer morphologischen Eintheilung der Bivalven. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 58, 701-801.

Newell, N.D. 1969. Subclass Anomalodesmata Dall, 1889, N818. InMoore, R.C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. 487 pp. Geological Society of America&University of Kansas Press, Boulder&Lawrence.

Perner, J. 1903. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. Gastéropodes 4(1). 164 pp., 89 pls. Prague & Paris.

Pfab, L. 1934. Revision der Taxodonta des böhmischen Silurs. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 80, 195-253.

Pojeta, J., Jr. 1966. North American Ambonychiidae (Pelecypoda) Palaeontographica Americana 5(36), 131-241.

Pojeta, J., Jr. 1971. Review of Ordovician Pelecypods. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 695, 1-46, 20 pls.

Pojeta, J., Jr. 1978. The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 284, 225-246.View article

Pojeta, J., Jr. & Stott, C.A. 2007. Nucularcidae: a new family of palaeotaxodont Ordovician pelecypods (Mollusca) from North America and Australia. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 44, 1479-1501.View article

Portlock, J.E. 1843. Report on the geology of the county Londonderry, and parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh. xxi, 784 pp., 38 pls, A-I, map. Dublin & London.

Prantl, F. & Přibyl, A. 1944. Příspěvek k poznání geologických poměrů u Tachlovic. Rozpravy České akademie věd a umění, Třída II 54(3), 1-11.

Rong, Jia-yu&Harper, D.A.T. 1988. A global synthesis of the latest Ordovician Hirnantian brachiopod faunas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 79, 383-402.

Růžička, B. & Prantl, F. 1961. Note on the determination of taxa of fossil pelecypods. Časopis Národního musea v Praze, Oddíl přírodovědný 130(1), 81-82. [in Czech]

Sánchez, T.M. 1990. Bivalvos del Ordovícico-Tardio de la Precordillera de San Juan (Argentina). Ameghiniana (Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina) 27(3-4), 251-261.

Sharpe, D. 1853. Description of the new species of Zoophyta and Mollusca, 146-158, Appendix B. In Ribeiro, C., Sharpe, D. & Jones, T.R. On the Carboniferous and Silurian formations in the neighbourhood of Bussaco, Portugal. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 9, 135-161.View article

Sheehan, P.M. 2001. The late Ordovician mass extinction. Annual Review of the Earth and Planetary Sciences 29, 331-364.View article

Straka, J. ed. 1987. Explanation of the geological map ČSSR 1 : 25 000, 12-244 Praha-east. 72 pp. Ústřední ústav geologický, Praha. [in Czech]

Systematics Association Committee for descriptive biological terminology 1962. Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes, Chart 1a. Taxon 11, 145-156, 245-247.

Systematics Association Committee for descriptive biological terminology 1962. Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes, Chart 1a. Taxon 11, 145-156, 245-247.View article

Šnajdr, M. 1987. New odontopleurid trilobite from the Kosov Formation (Ashgill, Bohemia). Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii 32(3), 303-304.

Štorch, P. 1980. Litologický vývoj a biostratigrafie želkovického souvrství v jv. křídle Barrandienu. Manuscript, Geofond, Praha.

Štorch, P. 1982. Ordovician-Silurian boundary in the northernmost part of the Prague Basin (Barrandian, Bohemia). Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického 57(4), 231-236.

Štorch, P. 1986a. Ordovician-Silurian boundary event in Bohemia (Prague Basin - Barrandian area). Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Global Bio-Events 8, 133-138.

Štorch, P. 1986a. Ordovician-Silurian boundary event in Bohemia (Prague Basin - Barrandian area). Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Global Bio-Events 8, 133-138.View article

Štorch, P. 1986b. Ordovician-Silurian boundary in the Prague Basin (Barrandian area, Bohemia). Sborník geologických věd, Geologie 41, 69-103.

Štorch, P. 1988. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary in the Prague Basin, Bohemia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 43, 95-100.

Štorch, P. 1990. Upper Ordovician-lower Silurian sequences of the Bohemian Massif, central Europe. Geological Magazine 127(3), 225-239.View article

Štorch, P. 2006. Facies development, depositional settings and sequence stratigraphy across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary: a new perspective from the Barrandian area of the Czech Republic. Geological Journal 41, 163-192.View article

Štorch, P. & Loydell, D.K. 1996. The Hirnantian graptolites Normalograptus persculptus and “Glyptograptus” bohemicus: Stratigraphical consequences of their synonymy. Palaeontology 39(4), 869-881.

Temple, J.T. 1965. Upper Ordovician brachiopods from Poland and Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 10(3), 379-427, 21 pls.

Torsvik, T.H. 1998. Palaeozoic palaeogeography: A North Atlantic viewpoint. GGF 120, 109-118.

Torsvik, T.H. 1998. Palaeozoic palaeogeography: A North Atlantic viewpoint. GGF 120, 109-118.View article

Tunnicliff, S.P. 1982. A revision of late Ordovician bivalves from Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, Ireland. Palaeontology 25(1), 43-88.

Ulrich, E.O. 1892. New Lamellibranchiata. American Geologist 10, 96-104, pl. 7.

Ulrich, E.O. 1894. The Lower Silurian Lamellibranchiata of Minnesota, from Volume 3. Final Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 475-628, pl. 35-42. (Published and distributed under separate cover prior to publication of the entire Volume 3 in 1897.)

Walker, K.R. & Bambach, R.K. 1974. Analysis of communities, 1-20. In Ziegler, A.M., Walker, K.R., Anderson, E.J., Kauffman, E.G., Ginsburg, R.N. & James, N.P. (eds) Principles of benthic community analysis. Notes for a Short Course. Sedimenta IV: Publications of the Comparative Sedimentology Laboratory. 168 pp. The University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.

Yonge, C.M. 1939. The protobranchiate mollusca; a functional interpretation of their structure and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 230(566), 79-147.View article