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Carbonate facies evolution, bio- and carbon isotope stratigraphy through the Ludfordian (Silurian) on the shelf of Baltica (Lithuania)
Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 100, issue 4; pages: 547 - 579; Received 24 March 2025; Accepted in revised form 9 September 2025; Online 9 November 2025
Keywords: carbonates, depositional environment, Silurian Baltic Basin, Ludlow, C-isotope excursion,
Supplementary material
Conodont occurrences in the Lapgiriai-1 core.
Stable carbonate carbon and oxygen isotope data of the Lapgiriai-1 core.
Correlation of carbonate carbon and oxygen isotope data of the Lapgiriai-1 core.
Abstract
A 95-metre-long subsurface stratigraphical interval of the late Ludlow (Silurian) representing shelf deposits of the Baltica palaeocontinent (Lithuania) was investigated in terms of bio-, carbon isotope stratigraphy as well as litho- and microfacies. The conodont biostratigraphic data confirm the Ludfordian age (Kockelella variabilis Zone to Jeppssonia crispa Zone) of the succession. The deposits recorded a positive stable carbon isotope δ13Ccarb excursion referred to as the Mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion beginning in the uppermost Polygnathoides siluricus Zone and fully developed throughout the P. latialata-Jeppssonia snajdri Interval Biozone. The lithologically variable succession reflects a general shallowing-upward trend encompassing a broad range of different depositional environments and palaeowater depths. In vertical succession, deep-shelf argillaceous-marly sediments gradually pass into shallow-water carbonates, including reef-related lithologies, and extend into peritidal environments. Such a transition is indicative of prolonged progradational conditions. Furthermore, the sedimentological record provides evidence for short-term fluctuations in sea level that could be of glacio-eustatic origin. Microbial carbonates occur in significant abundance as oncoids within beds, which recorded the highest amplitude of δ13Ccarb, reaching a maximum value of +7.5‰.References
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