Micromorph brachiopods from the late Asbian (Mississippian, Visean) from northwest Ireland (Gleniff, County Sligo)

 

Authors: Mottequin B, Sevastopulo G, Simon E

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 90, issue 2; pages: 307 - 330; Received 9 April 2014; Accepted in revised form 11 September 2014; Online 10 February 2015

Keywords: Carboniferous, Asbian, Meenymore Formation, Brachiopoda, micromorph,

full text (PDF, 5.51 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Abstract

A diverse assemblage of minute brachiopods is reported from the Visean (late Asbian) Meenymore Formation exposed in the Gleniff outlier, County Sligo, northwest Ireland. The assemblage includes 14 micromorph species and juveniles of larger species, in which spire-bearers (Athyridida, Spiriferida and Spiriferinida) are the most diverse. Most of the species are left in open nomenclature as only few specimens show internal features. However, a new species of the uncommon orthotetide Drahanorhynchus (D. gleniffensis sp. nov.), previously known from the Mississippian of the Czech Republic, Spain and Germany, is described. In addition, the lectotype of the athyridide Hustedia multiplicata (de Koninck, 1887), from the Tournaisian of Tournai (Belgium) is selected and illustrated photographically for the first time. The brachiopods from Gleniff are associated with other small-sized benthic organisms particularly echinoderms and molluscs (gastropods, rostroconchs). The environmental factors, which lead to the small size, are not clearly understood although they probably included a combination of biological (e.g. food supply) and physicochemical (e.g. water oxygenation) parameters. Salinity is probably not implicated because brachiopods and echinoderms are generally stenohaline.

References

ALEXANDER, R.R. 1977. Growth, morphology and ecology of Paleozoic and Mesozoic opportunistic species of brachiopods from Idaho-Utah. Journal of Paleontology 51, 1133-1149.

ALVAREZ, F. & RONG, J.-Y. 2002. Athyridida, 1475-1601. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 4 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

AMLER, M.R.W. & WINKLER PRINS, C.F. 1999. Lower Carboniferous marine bivalves from the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Scripta Geologica 120, 1-45.

ARCHBOLD, N.W. 1980. Studies on Western Australian Permian brachiopods. I. The family Anopliidae (Chonetidina). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 91, 181-192.

AUSICH, W.I. & BOTTJER, D.J. 1982. Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrates throughout the Phanerozoic. Science 216, 173-174.View article

BALIŃSKI, A. & SUN, Y. 2008. Micromorphic brachiopods from the Lower Carboniferous of South China, and their life habits. Fossils and Strata 54, 105-115.

BASSETT, M.G. & BRYANT, C. 1993. The micromorphic rhynchonelloidean brachiopod Lambdarina from the type Dinantian. Journal of Paleontology 67, 518-527.View article

BAUMILLER, T.K., LEIGHTON, L.R. & THOMPSON, D.L. 1999. Boreholes in Mississippian spiriferid brachiopods and their implications for Paleozoic drilling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 147, 283-289.View article

BOUCOT, A.J. 1975. Evolution and extinction rate controls. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 1, 1-427.

BOUCOT, A.J., JOHNSON, J.G. & STATON, R.D. 1964. On some atrypoid, retzioid, and athyridoid Brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology 38, 805-822.

BRANDON, A. 1977.The Meenymore Formation - an extensive intertidal evaporitic formation in the Upper Visean (B2) of north-west Ireland. Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences 77(23), 1-14.

BRONN, H.G. 1862. Die Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa) wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, Vol. 3, Part 1. 518 pp. C.F. Winter’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig & Heidelberg.View article

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1965. The pedicle sheath of young productacean brachiopods. Palaeontology 7, 703-704.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1966a. Silicified productoids from the Viséan of County Fermanagh. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 12, 175-243.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1966b. Predation and shell damage in a Viséan brachiopod fauna. Palaeontology 9, 355-359.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1968. Silicified brachiopods from the Viséan of County Fermanagh (II). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 16, 1-70.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1971. An endopunctate rhynchonellid brachiopod from the Viséan of Belgium and Britain. Palaeontology 14, 95-106.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1976. Micro-ornamentation of some spiriferide brachiopods. Palaeontology 19, 767-771.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1984. Silicified brachiopods from the Viséan of County Fermanagh, Ireland (III). Rhynchonellids, Spiriferids and Terebratulids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 38, 27-130.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. 1987. The palaeoecology of brachiopods, and other faunas, of Lower Carboniferous (Asbian) limestones in West Fermanagh. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 97-112.

BRUNTON, C.H.C., ALVAREZ, F. & MACKINNON, D.I. 1996. Morphological terms used to describe the cardinalia of articulate brachiopods: homologies and recommendations. Historical Biology 11, 9-41.View article

BRUNTON, C.H.C. & CHAMPION, C. 1974. A Lower Carboniferous brachiopod fauna from the Manifold Valley, Staffordshire. Palaeontology 17, 811-840.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. & COCKS, L.R.M. 1996. The classification of the brachiopod order Strophomenida, 47-52. In COPPER, P. & JIN, J. (eds) Brachiopods: proceedings of the third international brachiopod congress. Balkema, Rotterdam.

BRUNTON, C.H.C., LAZAREV, S.S., GRANT, R.E. & JIN, Y.-G. 2000. Productidina, 424-565. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 3 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. & MASON, T.R. 1979. Palaeoenvironments and correlations of the Carboniferous rocks in west Fermanagh, Ireland. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 32, 91-108.

BRUNTON, C.H.C. & MUNDY, D.J.C. 1986. Some Dinantian Chonopectinid Productaceans (Brachiopoda) from the British Isles. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 46, 1-10.View article

BRUNTON, C.H.C., MUNDY, D.J.C. & LAZAREV, S.S. 1993. Productellid and plicatiferid (productoid) brachiopods from the Lower Carboniferous of the Craven Reef Belt, North Yorkshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 49(2), 99-119.View article

BRUNTON, C.H.C. & TILSLEY, J.W. 1991. A checklist of brachiopods from Treak Cliff, Derbyshire, with reference to other Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous localities). Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 48, 287-295.View article

CAMPBELL, K.S.W. 1959. The type species of three upper Paleozoic punctate spiriferoids. Palaeontology 1, 351-363.

CARTER, J.L. 1972. Two new genera of lamellose spiriferacean brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology 46, 729-734.

CARTER, J.L. 1999. Tournaisian (early Osagean) brachiopods from a bioherm in the St. Joe Formation near Kenwood, Oklahoma. Annals of Carnegie Museum 68, 91-149.

CARTER, J.L. & JOHNSON, J.G. 2006. Spiriferinida, 1877-1937. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 5 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

CARTER, J.L., JOHNSON, J.G., GOURVENNEC, R. & HOU, H.-F. 2006. Spiriferida, 1689-1870. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 5 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

COOPER, G.A. & MUIR-WOOD, H.M. 1951. Brachiopod homonyms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1, 195-196.

DAGYS, A.S. 1972. The occurrence of a Metachoresa in a Triassic spiriferinid. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe otdelenie, Institut geologii i geofiziki, Trudy 111, 34-44. [in Russian]

DAVIDSON, T. 1858. Palaeontological notes on the Brachiopoda. No. 1. On the genera and subgenera of Brachiopoda that are provided with spiral appendages for the support of the oral arms, and species so constructed, which have been discovered in British Carboniferous strata. Geologist 1, 409-416, 457-472.

DAVIDSON, T. 1859. British fossil Brachiopoda, vol. 2. Carboniferous, part 5, no. 2, 49-80. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, London.

DAVIDSON, T. 1881. On genera and species of spiral-bearing Brachiopoda from specimens developed by the Rev. Norman Glass. Geological Magazine (New Series, Decade 2) 8, 1-13.

DELINE, B., BAUMILLER, T.K., KAPLAN, P., KOWALEWSKI, M. & HOFFMEISTER, A.P. 2003. Edge-drilling on the brachiopod Perditocardinia cf. P. dubia from the Mississippian of Missouri (USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 201, 211-219.View article

DEMANET, F. 1934. Les brachiopodes du Dinantien de la Belgique. Vol. 1, Atremata, Neotremata, Protremata (pars). Mémoires du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique 61, 1-116.

DEMANET, F. 1958. Contribution a l’étude du Dinantien de la Belgique. Mémoires de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 141, 1-152.

FLEMING, J. 1828. A History of British Animals, Exhibiting the Descriptive Characters and Systematical Arrangement of the Genera and Species of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. 565 pp. Bell & Bradfute & James Duncan, Edinburgh & London. View article

FÜRSICH, F.T. & HURST, J.M. 1974. Environmental factors determining the distribution of the brachiopods. Palaeontology 17, 879-900.

GALLWITZ, H. 1932. Die Fauna des deutschen Unterkarbons. 3. Teil: 2. Die Brachiopoden, 3. Teil. Die Orthiden, Strophomeniden und Choneten des Unterkarbons (Etroungt). Abhandlungen der Preussichen Geologischen Landesanstalt (Neue Folge) 141, 75-131.

GARBELLI, C., ANGIOLINI, L., SHEN, S., CRIPPA, G., YUAN, D., BAHRAMMANESH, M., ABBASI, S. & BIRJANDI, M. 2014. Additional brachiopod findings from the Lopingian succession of the Ali Bashi Mountains, NW Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 120, 119-126.

GEORGE, T.N. 1931. Ambocoelia Hall and certain similar British Spiriferidae. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 87, 30-61.View article

GEORGE, T.N. & OSWALD, D.H. 1957. The Carboniferous rocks of the Donegal syncline. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 113, 137-179.View article

GORJANSKY, V.Y. & POPOV, L.E. 1985. The morphology, systematic position, and origin of inarticulate brachiopods with carbonate shells. Paleontologicheskii zhurnal 1985(1), 3-13. [in Russian]

GRANT, R.E. 1972. The lophophore and feeding mechanism of the Productidina (Brachiopoda). Journal of Paleontology 46, 213-248.

GRANT, R.E. 1976. Permian brachiopods from Southern Thailand. Palaeontological Society Memoir 9, 1-269. View article

GRANT, R.E. 1980. Koskinoid perforations in brachiopod shells: function and mode of formation. Lethaia 13, 313-319.View article

GRAY, J.E. 1840. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum. Forty-second edition. 370 pp. G. Woodfall, London.

GRUNT, T.A. 1986. Classification of brachiopods of the order Athyridida. Akademiya nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta 215, 1-200.

HALL, J. 1857. Descriptions of new species of Paleozoic fossils from the Lower Helderberg, Oriskany Sandstone, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 10th Annual Report 10, 41-186.

HALL, J. 1860. Observations on Brachiopoda. New York State Cabinet of Natural History, Annual Report 13, 65-75.

HALL, J. 1861. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, and Chemung groups; with observations upon previously described species. New York State Cabinet of Natural History, Annual Report 14, 99-109.

HALL, J. & CLARKE, J.M. 1890. Extract. Palaeontology of New York, vol. 8, part 1, 120-137, 160. Charles van Benthuysen & Sons, Albany.

HALL, J. & CLARKE, J.M. 1893. An Introduction to the Study of the Genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. Palaeontology of New York, vol. 8, part 2. 317 pp. Charles van Benthuysen & Sons, Albany.

HANCE, L., POTY, E. & DEVUYST, F.X. 2006. Viséan. Geologica Belgica 9, 55-62.

HARPER, D.A.T & JEFFREY, A.L. 1996a. Mid-Dinantian brachiopod biofacies from western Ireland, 427-436. In STROGEN, P., SOMERVILLE, I.D. & JONES, G.L. (eds) Recent advances in Lower Carboniferous geology. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 107.

HARPER, D.A.T & JEFFREY, A.L. 1996b. The ontogeny of the silicified brachiopod Leptagonia from mid-Dinantian (late Arundian) limestones in western Ireland. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 77-90.

HAVLÍČEK, V. 1967. Brachiopoda of the suborder Strophomenidina in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického 33, 1-235.

HOLMER, L.E. & POPOV, L.E. 2000. Lingulida, 32-97. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 2 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

IVANOVA, E.A. 1972. Main features of spiriferid evolution (Brachiopoda). Paleontologicheskii zhurnal 1972(3), 28-42. [in Russian]

JUX, U. & STRAUCH, F. 1966. Die Mitteldevonische brachiopoden-gattung Uncites Defrance 1825. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 125, 176-222.

KING, W. 1850. A monograph of the Permian Fossils of England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 3, 1-258.View article

DE KONINCK, L.G. 1842-1844. Description des animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain carbonifere de Belgique. 650 pp. Dessain, Liege.

DE KONINCK, L.G. 1887. Faune du calcaire carbonifere de la Belgique. Sixieme partie. Brachiopodes. Annales du Musée d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique 14, 1-154.

KUHN, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. 326 pp. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.

LEE, D.E., MACKINNON, D.I., SMIRNOVA, T.N., BAKER, P.G., JIN, Y.-G. & SUN, D.-L. 2006. Terebratulida, 1965-2250. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 5 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

LÉVEILLÉ, C. 1835. Aperçu géologique de quelques localités tres riches en coquilles sur les frontieres de France et de Belgique. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 2, 29-40.

LEVIN, L.A. 2003. Oxygen minimum zone benthos: adaptation and community response to hypoxia. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 41, 1-45.

MACDERMOT, C.V., LONG, C.B. & HARNEY, S.J. 1996. A geological description of Sligo, Leitrim and adjoining parts of Cavan, Fermanagh, Mayo and Roscommon, to accompany the Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 Scale Map Series, sheet 7, Sligo Leitrim, with contributions by K. Claringbold, D. Daly, R. Meehan and G. Stanley. 99 pp. Geological Survey of Ireland.

MARCOU, J. 1858. Geology of North America, with two reports on the prairies of Arkansas and Texas, the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California. 144 pp. Zürcher and Furrer, Zurich.

MARTIN, W. 1809. Petrificata Derbiensia; or Figures and Descriptions of Petrefactions Collected in Derbyshire. 28 pp. D. Lyon, Wigan.

MARTÍNEZ CHACÓN, M.L. 1979. Braquiópodos Carboníferos de la Cordillera Cantábrica (Orthida, Strophomenida y Rhynchonellida). Memoria del Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana 96, 1-291.

MARTÍNEZ CHACÓN, M.L. 1997. Braquiópodos silicificados viseenses de Los Santos de Maimona (Badajoz, SO de Espana). Geobios, Mémoire spécial 20, 357-372.View article

MARTÍNEZ CHACÓN, M.L. & GARCÍA-ALCALDE, J.L. 1978. La genesis del koskinoide en braquiopodos articulados. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo 17-19, 261-279.

MARTÍNEZ CHACÓN, M.L. & WINKLER PRINS, C.F. 1977. A Namurian brachiopod fauna from Meré (Province of Oviedo, Spain). Scripta Geologica 39, 1-67.

MARTÍNEZ CHACÓN, M.L., WINKLER PRINS, C.F., SANZ LÓPEZ, J., FERRER, E. & MAGRANS, J. 2003. Braquiópodos misisípicos de los alrededores de Barcelona (Cadenas Costeras Catalanas, NE de Espana). Revista Espanola de Paleontología 18, 189-204.

MEEK, F.B. 1875. A report on some of the invertebrate fossils of the Waverly Group and coal-measures of Ohio. Geological Survey of Ohio, Report 2, 269-347.

MOORE, R.C. 1952. Brachiopods, 197-267. In MOORE, R.C., LALICKER, C.G. & FISCHER, A.G. (eds) Invertebrate fossils. 766 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York.

MORRIS, G.P. 1994. Some new Lower Carboniferous cardirinid brachiopods from the Milldale limestones (Visean, Chadian) of North Staffordshire, England. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1994, 267-276.View article

MOTTEQUIN, B. 2010. Mississippian (Tournaisian) brachiopods from the Hook Head Formation, County Wexford (south-east Ireland). Special Papers in Palaeontology 84, 243-285.

MOTTEQUIN, B. & LEGRAND-BLAIN, M. 2010. Late Tournaisian (Carboniferous) brachiopods from Mouydir (Central Sahara, Algeria). Geological Journal 45, 353-374.

MOTTEQUIN, B. & SEVASTOPULO, G. 2009. Predatory boreholes in Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous) spiriferid brachiopods. Lethaia 42, 274-282.View article

MUIR-WOOD, H.M. 1955. A history of the classification of the phylum Brachiopoda. 124 pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.

MUIR-WOOD, H.M. 1962. On the morphology and classification of the brachiopod suborder Chonetoidea. British Museum (Natural History), London, Monograph 8, 1-132.

MUIR-WOOD, H.M. & COOPER, G.A. 1960. Morphology, classification and life habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Memoir of the Geological Society of America 81, 1-447.View article

NORTH, F.J. 1920. On Syringothyris Winchell and certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to Spiriferina d’Orbigny. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 76, 162-227.View article

ORBIGNY, A. D’1847. Considérations zoologiques et géologiques sur les brachiopodes ou palliobranches, parts 1-2. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences (2nd series) 25, 193-195, 266-269.

OSWALD, D.H. 1955. The Carboniferous rocks between the Ox Mountains and Donegal Bay. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 111, 167-186.View article

PAECKELMANN, W. 1930. Die fauna des deutschen Untercarbons. Die Brachiopoden, I: die Orthiden, Strophomeniden und Choneten des mittleren und oberen Unterkarbons. Abhandlungen der Königliche-Preussische Geologische Landesanstalt, Neue Folge 122, 143-326.

PAKHNEVICH, A.V. 2013. Revision of the Superfamily Rhynchoporoidae Muir-Wood, 1955. Paleontological Journal 47, 36-43.View article

PAYNE, J.L., MCCLAIN, C.R., BOYER, A.G., BROWN, J.H., FINNEGAN, S., KOWALEWSKI, M., KRAUSE, R.A. JR., LYONS, S.K., MCSHEA, D.W., NOVACK-GOTTSHALL, P.M., SMITH, F.A., SPAETH, P., STEMPIEN, J.A. & WANG, S.C. 2011. The evolutionary consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis: a body size perspective. Photosynthesis Research 107, 35-57.View article

PÉREZ-HUERTA, A. 2004. New Carboniferous brachiopods from the eastern Great Basin, Nevada, USA: implications for loop ontogeny and evolution in Late Palaeozoic terebratuloids. Palaeontology 47, 1519-1537.View article

PÉREZ-HUERTA, A. & SHELDON, N.D. 2006. Pennsylvanian sea level cycles, nutrient availability and brachiopod paleoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 230, 264-279.View article

PHILLIPS, J. 1836. Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire, Part 2. The mountain limestone district. 253 pp. John Murray, London.

PHILLIPS, J. 1841. Figures and descriptions of the Palaeozoic fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. 231 pp. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London.

PIRLET, H. 1967. Nouvelle interprétation des carrieres de Richelle; le Viséen de Visé. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 90, B299-328.

POTY, E. 1982. Paleokarsts et breches d’effondrement dans le Frasnien moyen des environs de Visé. Leur influence dans la paléogéographie dinantienne. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 105, 315-337.

RACHEBOUF, P.R. 2000. Chonetidina, 362-423. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 2 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

RÍO GARCÍA, L.M. 2002. Braquíopodos moscovienses (Chonetidina y Orthotetida) de los Paquetes Improductivos de la Cuenca Carbonífera Central de Asturias (N de Espana). Revista Espanola de Paleontología 17, 137-155.

SARYCHEVA, T.G. & SOKOLSKAYA, A.N. 1959. On the classification of pseudopunctate brachiopods. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Doklady 125, 181-184. [in Russian]

SAVAGE, N.M. 2002. Rhynchoporoidea, 1232-1235. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 4 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

SAVAGE, N.M., MANCENIDO, M.O., OWEN, E.F., CARLSON, S.J., GRANT, R.E., DAGYS, A.S. & SUN, D.-L. 2002. Rhynchonellida, 1027-1376. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 4 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

SCHUCHERT, C. 1929. Classification of brachiopod genera, fossil and Recent, 10-25. In POMPECKJ, J.F. (ed.) Fossilium Catalogus, Volume 1: Animalia. 140 pp. W. Junk, N.V., Berlin.

SCHUCHERT, C. & COOPER, G.A. 1932. Brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 4, 1-270.

SCHUCHERT, C. & LEVENE, C.M. 1929. Brachiopoda (Generum et Genotyporum Index et Bibliographia), 1-140. In POMPECKJ, J.F. (ed.) Fossilium Catalogus, Volume 1: Animalia. 140 pp. W. Junk, N.V., Berlin.

SEVASTOPULO, G.D. 2002. Fossil ‘Lilies of the ocean’ and other echinoderms from Carboniferous rocks of Ireland. John Jackson Memorial lecture 2002. The Royal Dublin Society Occasional Papers in Science 25, 1-15.

SEVASTOPULO, G.D. 2008. Paleobiology of Carboniferous microcrinoids, 53-69. In AUSICH, W.I. & WEBSTER, G.D. (eds) Echinoderm Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

SEVASTOPULO, G.D. & WYSE JACKSON, P.N. 2009. Carboniferous: Mississippian (Tournaisian and Viséan), 215-268. In HOLLAND, C.H. & SANDERS, I.S. (eds) The Geology of Ireland. 2nd revised edition. Academic Press, Dunedin.

SOKOLSKAYA, A.N. 1950. Chonetidae of the Russian Platform. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta 27, 1-108. [in Russian]

STEHLI, F.G. 1954. Lower Leonardian Brachiopoda of the Sierra Diablo. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 105, 257-358.

SUN, Y.-L. & BALIŃSKI, A. 2008. Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, 485-524.View article

SUN, Y.-L. & BALIŃSKI, A. 2011. Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56, 793-842.View article

THAYER, C.W. 1986. Are brachiopods better than bivalves? Mechanisms of turbidity tolerance and their interaction with feeding in articulates. Paleobiology 12, 161-174. View article

THOMAS, G.A. 1958. The Permian Orthotetacea of Western Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 39, 1-159.

THOMSON, J.A. 1926. A revision of the subfamilies of the Terebratulidae (Brachiopoda). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 9) 18, 523-530.View article

TOMAŠOVÝCH, A. 2006. Brachiopod and bivalve ecology in the Late Triassic (Alps, Austria): onshore-offshore replacements caused by variations in sediment and nutrient supply. Palaios 21, 344-368.View article

VOGEL, K. 1975. Das filter-feeding bei Spiriferida. Lethaia 8, 231-240.View article

WAAGEN, W.H. 1883. Salt Range fossils, Part 4 (2), Brachiopoda. Palaeontologia Indica (Series 13) 4, 391-546.

WAAGEN, W.H. 1884. Salt Range fossils, Part 4 (2), Brachiopoda. Palaeontologia Indica (Series 13) 4, 547-610.

WAAGEN, W.H. 1885. Salt Range fossils, Part 4 (2), Brachiopoda. Palaeontologia Indica (Series 13) 4, 729-770.

WATERHOUSE, J. B. 1975. New Permian and Triassic brachiopod taxa. University of Queensland, Department of Geology, Papers 7(1), 1-23.

WELLER, S. 1914. The Mississippian Brachiopoda of the Mississippi Valley Basin. Illinois State Geological Survey, Monograph 1, 1-509.View article

WHITFIELD, R.P. 1890. Description of a new genus of inarticulate brachiopodous shell. American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 3, 121-122.

WILLIAMS, A. 1953. The classification of the strophomenoid brachiopods. Washington Academy of Sciences Journal 43, 1-13.

WILLIAMS, A. & BRUNTON, C.H.C 1993. Role of the shell structure in the classification of the orthotetidine brachiopods. Palaeontology 36, 931-966.

WILLIAMS, A. & BRUNTON, C.H.C. 2000. Orthotetidina, 644-681. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 3 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

WILLIAMS, A., CARLSON, S.J., BRUNTON, C.H.C., HOLMER, L.E. & POPOV, L.E. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 351, 1171-1193.View article

WILLIAMS, A. & HARPER, D.A.T. 2000. Orthida, 714-846. In KAESLER, R.L. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, 3 (revised). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Boulder & Lawrence.

ZINGULA, R.P. 1968. A new breakthrough in sample washing. Journal of Paleontology 42, 1092.