The Middle and Upper Devonian conodont sequence from La Guardia D’Ares Sections (Spanish Central Pyrenees)

 

Authors: Liao J-C, Valenzuela-Ríos JI

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 88, issue 2; pages: 339 - 368; Received 22 February 2012; Accepted in revised form 12 June 2012; Online 26 February 2013

Keywords: Middle Devonian, Lower Frasnian, conodont biostratigraphy, Spanish Central Pyrenees,

full text (PDF, 4.9 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Abstract

The analysis of conodont faunas from the Comabella Formation at La Guardia d’Ares in the Spanish Central Pyrenees improves the biostratigraphical characterization of this stratum. Forty-seven taxa spanning from the Eifelian through the Lower Frasnian are identified and described. The lower part of the formation starts in the Eifelian kockelianus Zone. The Eifelian/Givetian boundary can be identified by the entry of the index taxon Polygnathus hemiansatus. The Givetian part of the section is tectonically disturbed, affecting mostly the confident recognition of the rhenanus/varcus and the Upper varcus zones. All other Givetian zones are identified either by the defining index taxa or by the characterizing taxa. The Ancyrodella sequence permits recognition of Lower Frasnian MN1-MN3 zones. Direct comparison with Boersma’s data shows a strong chronostratigraphical discrepancy and their data are reinterpreted.

References

Aboussalam, Z.S. 2003. Das “Taghanic-Event” im höheren Mittlel-Devon von West-Europa und Marokko. Münstersche Forschungen zur Geologie und Paläontologie 25, 1-330.

Aboussalam, Z.S. & Becker, R.T. 2007. New Upper Givetian to basal Frasnian conodont faunas from the Tafilalt (Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco). Geological Quaterly 51, 345-374.

Bai, S.L., Bai, Z.Q., Ma, X.P., Wang, D.R. & Sun, Y.L. (eds) 1994. Conodont zonation and correlation, bio-event and chemo-event, Milankovitch cycle and nickel-episode. Devonian Events and Biostratigraphy of South China. 303 pp. Peking University Press, Peking.

Bardashev, I.A. 1990. Stratigraphy and conodonts of the Eifelian deposits of Central Tajikistan, 25-41. In Khalym-Badzha, V.J. (ed.) Conodonts of the USSR Eifelian Stage. Kazan.

Bardashev, I.A. 1992. Conodont Stratigraphy of Middle Asian Middle Devonian. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 154, 31-84.

Bardashev, I.A. & Ziegler, W. 1985. Conodonts from a Middle Devonian section in Tadzhikistan (Kalagach Formation, Middle Asia, USSR). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 65-78.

Belka, Z., Kaufmann, B. & Bultynck, P. 1997. Conodont-based quantitative biostratigraphy for the Eifelian of the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 643-651. View article

Benfrika, E.M. & Bultynck, P. 2003. Lower to Middle Devonian conodonts from the Oued Cherrat area and its southern extension (North-Western Meseta, Morocco). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 242, 209-215.

Bischoff, G. & Ziegler, W. 1957. Die Conodontenchronologie des Mitteldevons und des tiefsten Oberdevons. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 22, 1-136.

Boersma, K.T. 1973. Devonian and Lower Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy, Spanish Central Pyrenees. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 49, 303-377.

Branson, E.B. & Mehl, M.G. 1934. Conodont from the Grassy Creek shale of Missouri. University of Missouri Studies 8, 171-259. [imprint 1933]

Branson, E.B. & Mehl, M.G. 1938. The conodont genus Icriodus and its stratigraphic distribution. Journal of Paleontology 12, 156-166.

Bryant, W.L. 1921. The Genesee conodont with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the Bufalo Society of Natural Sciences 13, 1-59.

Bultynck, P. 1970. Révision stratigraphique et paléontologique (Conodontes et Brachiopodes) de la Coupe type du Couvinien. Mémoires de l’Institut Géologique de l’Université de Louvain 26, 1-152.

Bultynck, P. 1985. Lower Devonian (Emsian) - Middle Devonian (Eifelian and lowermost Givetian) conodont successions from the Ma’der and the Tafilalt, southern Morocco. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 261-286.

Bultynck, P. 1986. Accuracy and reliability of conodont zones: the Polygnathus asymmetricus “zone” and the Givetian-Frasnian boundary. Bulletin de L’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 56, 269-280.

Bultynck, P. 1987. Pelagic and neritic conodont successions from the Givetian of pre-Sahara Morocco and the Ardennes. Bulletin de L’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 57, 149-181.

Bultynck, P. 2003. Devonian Icriodontidae: biostratigraphy, classification and remarks on paleoecology and dispersal. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontología 35, 295-314.

Bultynck, P. & Jacobs, L. 1981. Conodonts et sédimentologie des couches de passage du Givetien au Frasnian dans le Nord du Tafilalt et dans le Ma’der (Maroc présaharien). Bulletin de L’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 53, 1-24.

Clausen, C.-D., Leuteritz, K. & Ziegler, W. 1979. Biostratigraphie und Lithofazies am Südrand der Elsper Mulde (hohes Mittel- und tiefes Oberdevon; Sauerland, Rheinisches Sciefergebirge). Geologie Jahrbuch A-51, 3-37.

Flajs, G. 1966. Die Mittledevon/Oberdevon-Grenze im Paläozoikum von Graz. Neues Jarburch Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhanlungen 124, 221-240.

García-López, S. 1986. Los conodontos y su aplicación al estudio de las divisiones cronostratigráficas mayores del Devónico Asturleones (Espana). Publicaciones Especiales del Boletín Geológico y Minero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana, 1-112.

García-López, S. & Sanz-López, J. 2002. Devonian to Lower Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy of the Bernesga Valley section (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain), 163-205. In García-López, S. & Bastida, F. (eds) Paleozoic conodonts from Northern Spain. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 1. 438 pp. Instituto Geológico y Minero de Espana, Madrid.

Glenister, B.F.&Klapper, G. 1966. Upper Devonian conodonts from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Journal of Paleontology 40, 777-842.

Gouwy, S. 2004. The Graphic Correlation Method as a tool for integrated stratigraphy. Application to the uppermost Emsian-lowermost Famennian (Devonian) from the Ardenne Area (Belgium-N-France) and correlation with the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) and the New York Area (N-America). 214 pp. PhD thesis, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Gouwy, S. 2010. Middle Devonian Conodonts from the northwestern margin of Gondwana. 199 pp. PhD thesis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy and University of Valencia, Spain.

Gouwy, S. & Bultynck, P. 2003. Conodont based graphic correlation of the Middle Devonian formations of the Ardenne (Belgium): Implications for stratigraphy and construction of a regional composite. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontología 35, 315-344.

Gouwy, S., Liao, J.-C. & Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. 2013. Eifelian (Middle Devonian) to Lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont biostratigraphy in the Villech section (Spanish Central Pyrenees). Bulletin of Geosciences 88(2), 315-338. View article

Hinde, G.J. 1879. On conodonts from the Chazy and Cincinnati group of the Hamilton and Genesee-shale divisions of the Devonian in Canada and he United States. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 35, 351-369. View article

Hou, H.F., Ji, Q., Wang, J.X., Wang, R.G. & Zhang, Z.X. 1985. Biostratigraphy near the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary in Maanshan section, Guangxi, South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 39-52.

Hou, H.F., Ji, Q.,Wang, J.X.&Wang, R.G. 1986. Middle-Upper Devonian boundary in Maansan of Xiangzhou, Guangxi. 137 pp. Geological Publising House, Bejing.

Huddle, J.W. 1934. Conodonts from the New Albany Shale of Indiana. Bulletin of American Paleontology 21, 1-136.

Huddle, J.W. & Repetski, J.E. 1981. Conodonts from the Genesee Formation in western New York. Geological Survey Professional Papers 1032-B, 1-66.

Hüneke, H. 1995. Early Devonian (Emsian) to Late Devonian (Famennian) stratigraphy and conodont of the Antoinettenweg section in the Lower Harz Mountain (Germany). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 188, 99-131.

Izokh, N.G., Yolkin, E.A. & Bakharev, N.K. 2004. Early Frasnian conodonts from the Rudny Altai (West Siberia). News on Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Geology and Geophysic 45, 89-101. [in Russian]

Ji, Q. 1989. On the Frasnian Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Guilin Area of Guangxi, South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117, 303-320.

Ji, Q. & Ziegler, W. 1993. The Lali Section: An excellent reference section for Upper Devonian in South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 157, 1-183.

Ji, Q., Ziegler, W. & Dong, X. 1992. Middle and Late Devonian conodonts from the Licun Section Yongfu, Guangxi, South China. Courier Forschungsinstitute Senckenberg 154, 85-105.

Johnson, J.G. 1990. Lower and Middle Devonian brachiopod-dominated communities of Nevada, and their position in a biofacies-province-realm model (with a section on Revision of Middle Devonian conodont zones, by G. Klapper and J.G. Johnson). Journal of Paleontology 64, 902-941.View article

Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G. & Trojan, W.R. 1980. Braquiopod and conodont succesions in the Devonian of the northern Antelope Range, central Nevada. Geologica et Palaeontologica 14, 77-116.

Khalymbadzha, V.G. & Chernysheva, N.G. 1970. Konodonty v. Ancyrodella iz devonskikh otloherniy volgo-kamskogo kraia i ikh stratigraficheskoe znachenie, 81-103. In Uliana-Lenina, V.I. (ed.) Biostratigrafia i paleontologia paleozoiskikh otloszheniy vostoka russkoj plataformia i zapadnogo Priuralia. Kazanskiy ordena trudovogo krasnogo znameni gosudarstvenniy universitet, Kazan.

Kim, A.I., Erina, M.V., Apekina, L.S. & Lesovaya, A.I. 1984. Devonian biostratigraphy of the Zeravshano-Hissar Mountain Region. 94 pp. Fan, Tashkent.

Kirchgasser, W.T. 1970. Conodonts from near the Middle/Upper Devonian boundary in North Cornwall. Journal of Paleontology 13, 335-354.

Kirchgasser, W.T. 1994. Early morphotypes of Ancyrodella rotundiloba at the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary, Genesee Formation, west central New York. Bulletin of New York Society Museum 481, 117-134.

Klapper, G. 1985. Sequence in the conodont genus Ancyrodella in the Lower asymmetricus Zone (earliest Frasnian, Upper Devonian) of the Montagne Noire, France. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 188, 19-34.

Klapper, G. 1989. The Montaigne Noire Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont succession, 449-468. In McMillan, N.J., Embry, D.J. & Glass, D.J. (eds) Devonian of the World, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Devonian System. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists 14. [imprint 1988]

Klapper, G. & Barrick, J.E. 1983. Middle Devonian (Eifelian) conodonts from the Spillville Formation in northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 57, 1212-1243.

Klapper, G., Philip, G.M. & Jackson, J.H. 1970. Revision of the Polygnathus varcus Group (Conodonta, Middle Devonian). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 650-667.

Klapper, G. & Ziegler, W. 1977. Distribution of conodonts in Lower/Middle Devonian boundary beds of the Barrandian. Unpublished report, Field Conference of the International Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy. 4 pp. Prague.

Klug, C.R. 1982. Devonian stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy from portions of two cores in Central Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey, Open File Report 82-2, 1-56.

Lane, H.R., Müller, K.J. & Ziegler, W. 1979. Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts from the Perak Malaysia. Geologica et Palaeontologica 13, 213-226.

Lazreq, N. 1990. Devonian conodonts from Central Morocco. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 118, 65-79.

Lazreq, N. 1999. Biostratigraphie des conodontes du Givétien au Famennien du Maroc central - Biofacies et événement Kellwasser. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 214, 1-111.

Liao, J.-C., Königshof, P., Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. & Schindler, E. 2008. Depositional environment interpretation and development of the Renanué section (Upper Eifelian-Lower Frasnian; Aragonian Pyrenees, N. Spain). Bulletin of Geosciences 83(4), 481-490. View article

Liao, J.-C. & Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. 2008. Givetian and early Frasnian conodonts from the Compte section (Middle-Upper Devonian, Spanish Central Pyrenees). Geological Quarterly 52, 1-18.

Liao, J.-C. & Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. 2012. Upper Givetian and Frasnian (Middle and Upper Devonian) conodonts from Ampriú (Aragonian Pyrenees, Spain): Global correlations and palaeogeographical relations. Paleontology 55, 819-842.

Liao, J.-C., Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. & Rodríguez, S. 2001. Descripción de los conodontos del Givetiense y Frasniense inferior (Devónico) de Renanué (Pirineos Aragoneses). Coloquios de Paleontología 52, 13-45.

Martínez-Pérez, C., Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I., Navas-Parejo, P., Liao, J.-C. & Botell, H. 2011. Emsian (Lower Devonian) Polygnathids (Conodont) succession in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Journal of Iberian Geology 37, 45-64.

Mawson, R. & Talent, J.A. 1989. Late Emsian-Givetian stratigraphy and conodont biofacies - carbonate slope and offshore shoal to sheltered lagoon and nearshore carbonate ramp - Broken River, North Queensland, Australia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117, 205-259.

Mey, P.H.W. 1967. Evolution of the Pyrenean basins during the Late Paleozoic, 1157-1166. In Oswald, D.H. (ed.) International Symposium on the Devonian System. 1376 pp. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.

Montesinos, J.R. & Sanz-López, J. 1999. Ammonooideos del Devónico Inferior y Medio en el Pirineo oriental y central. Antecedentes históricos y nuevos hallazgos. Revista Espanola de Paleontología, No. extr. Homenaje al Prof. J. Trujols, 97-108.

Murphy, M.A., Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. & Carls, P. 2004. On classification of Pridoli (Late Silurian)-Lochkovian (Early Devonian) Spathognathodontidae (Conodonts). University of California, Riverside, Campus Museum Contribution 6, 1-25.

Narkiewicz, K. & Bultynck, P. 2007. Conodont biostratigraphy of shallow marine Givetian deposits from the Radom-Lublin area, SE Poland. Geological Quaterly 51, 419-442.

Narkiewicz, K. & Bultynck, P. 2010. The Upper Givetian (Middle Devonian) subterminus conodont Zone in North America, Europe and North Africa. Journal of Paleontology 84, 588-625. View article

Narkiewicz, K. & Narkiewicz, M. 1998. Conodont evidence for the Mid-Givetian Taghanic Event in south-eastern Poland. Paleontologica Polonica 58, 213-223.

Narkiewicz, K. & Narkiewicz, M. 2008. The mid-Frasnian subsidence pulse in the Lublin Basin (SE Poland): sedimentary record, conodont biostratigraphy and regional significance. Acta Geologica Polonica 58, 287-301.

Orr, W.R. 1964. Conodonts from the Devonian Lingle and Alto formations of southern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey 361, 1-28.

Orr, W.R. 1971. Conodonts from Middle Devonian Strata of the Michigan Basin. Geological Survey Bulletin of State of Indiana Department 45, 1-110.

Orr, W.R. & Klapper, G. 1968. Two new conodont species from Middle-Upper Devonian boundary beds of Indiana and New York. Journal of Paleontology 42, 1066-1075.

Over, D.J. 2007. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Chattanooga Shale, Middle and Upper Devonian, southern Appalachian Basin, eastern United States. Journal of Paleontology 81, 1194-1217. View article

Over, D.J., Hopkins, T.H., Brill, A. & Spaziani, A.L. 2003. Age of the Middlesex Shale (Upper Devonian, Frasnian) in New York State. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 242, 217-223.

Ovnatanova, N.S. & Kononova, L.I. 2008. Frasnian conodonts from the eastern Russian Platform. Paleontological Journal 42, 997-1166. View article

Ovnatanova, N.S. & Kuz’min, A. V. 1991. Knonodonty tipovykh razrezov Domanikovoy svity na yuzhnom Timane. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Geologicheskaya 1991, 37-50.

Perri, M.C. & Spalleta, C. 1980. Conodonti e biozonatura del Frasniano (Devoniano sup.) di Pramosio, Alpi Carniche. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 19, 281-310.

Pollock, C.A. 1968. Lower Upper Devonian conodonts from Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 42, 415-443.

Pyle, L.J., Orchard, M.J., Barnes, C.R. & Landry, M.L. 2003. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower to Middle Devonian Deserters Formation (new), Road River Group, northeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 40, 99-113.

Racki, G. & Bultynck, P. 1993. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Devonian boundary beds in the Kielce area of the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 43, 1-25.

Raven, J.G. 1983. Conodont biostratigraphy and depositional history of the Middle Devonian to Lower Carboniferous in the Cantabrian Zone (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). 339 pp. PhD thesis, University of Leiden, Holland.

Rogers, F.S. 1998. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Little Cedar and Lower Coralville formations of the Cedar Valley Group (Middle Devonian) of Iowa and significance of a new species of Polygnathus. Journal of Paleontology 72, 726-737.View article

Sandberg, C.A., Hasenmueller, N.R. & Rexroad, C.B. 1994. Conodont biochronology, biostratigraphy, and biofacies of Upper Devonian Part of New Albany Shale, Indiana. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168, 227-253.

Sandberg, C.A., Ziegler, W. & Bultynck, P. 1989. New standard conodont zones and early Ancyrodella phylogeny across Middle-Devonian boundary. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 110, 195-230.

Sanz-López, J. 1995. Estratigrafía y bioestratigrafía (Conodontos) del Silúrico Superior-Carbonífero Inferior del Pirineos Oriental y Central. 514 pp. PhD thesis, University of Barcelona, Spain.

Schönlaub, H.P. 1985. Devonian conodonts from section Oberbuchach II in the Carnic Alps (Austria). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 353-374.

Seddon, G. 1970. Pre-Chappel conodonts of the Llano Region, Texas. Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Report of Investigations 68, 1-113.

Shen, J.-W. 1995. Middle-Upper Devonian conodont succession and sea-level change in Guilin. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 12, 251-273.

Sparling, D.R. 1981. Middle Devonian conodont apparatuses with seven types of elements. Journal of Paleontology 55, 295-316.

Sparling, D.R. 1983. Conodont biostratigraphy and biofacies of lower Middle Devonian limestones, north-central Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 57, 825-864.

Sparling, D.R. 1988. Middle Devonian stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy, north-central Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 88, 2-18.

Sparling, D.R. 1999. Conodont from the Prout Dolomite of north-central Ohio and Givetian (Upper Middle Devonian) correlation problems. Journal of Paleontology 73, 892-907.View article

Ulrich, E.O. & Bassler, R.S. 1926. A classification of the toothlike fossils, conodonts, with descriptions of American Devonian and Mississippian species. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum 68, 12.View article

Uyeno, T.T. 1967. Conodont zonation, Waterways Formation (Upper Devonian), north-eastern central Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 67-30, 1-20.

Uyeno, T.T. 1974. Conodont of the Waterways Formation (Upper Devonian) of northeastern and central Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 232, 1-93.

Uyeno, T.T. 1982. Systematic conodont paleontology, 73-95. In Norris, A.W., Uyeno, T.T. & McCabe, H.R. Devonian rocks of the Lake Winnipegosis-Lake Manitoba outcrop belt, Manitoba. Chapter 3. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 392, 1-280.

Uyeno, T.T. 1991. Pre-Famennian Devonian conodont biostratigraphy of selected intervals in the eastern Canadian Cordillera. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 417, 129-161.

Uyeno, T.T. & Wendte, J. 2005. Conodont biostratigraphy and physical stratigraphy in two wells of the Beaverhill Lake Group, upper Middle to lower Upper Devonian. Bulletins of American Paleontology 369, 151-171.

Valenzuela-Ríos, J.I. & Sanz-López, J. 2002. Pyrenees, 86-89. In Gibbons, W. & Moreno, T. (eds) The Geology of Spain. 649 pp. Geological Society of London, London.

Vandelaer, E., Vandormael, C. & Bultynck, P. 1989. Biofacies and refinement of conodont succession in the Lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of the type area (Frasnes-Nismes, Belgium). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117, 321-352.

Walliser, O.H. & Bultynck, P. 2011. Extinctions, survival and innovations of conodont species during the Kacák Episode (Eifelian-Givetian) in south-eastern Morocco. Bulletin de L’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 81, 5-25.

Wang, C.Y. 1989. Devonian conodonts of Guangxi. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 25, 1-152.

Wang, C.Y. 1994. Application of the Frasnian standart conodont zonation in South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168, 83-130.

Weary, D.J. & Harris, A.G. 1994. Early Frasnian (Late Devonian) conodonts from the Harrell Shale, Western Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belt, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania Appalachians, U.S.A. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168, 195-225.

Weddige, K. 1977. Die conodonten der Eifel Stufe im Typusgebiet und in benachbarten Faciesgebieten. Senckenbergiana lethaea 58, 271-419.

Wittekindt, H. 1965. Zur Conodontenchronologie des Mitteldevons. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 9, 621-646.

Xiong, J.F. 1980. Conodonts, 80-100. In Xian, S.Y.,Wang, S.D., Zhou, X.Y., Xiong, J.F. & Zhouy, T.R. (eds) Nandan typical stratigraphy and paleontology of Devonian in China. The People’s Publishing House of Guizhou, Guiyang, China.

Ziegler, W. 1965. Eine Verfeinerung der Conodontengliederung an der Grenze Mittel-/Oberdevon. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 9, 647-676.

Ziegler, W. 1971. Conodont stratigraphy of European Devonian. Geological Society of America, Memoir 127, 227-284.

Ziegler, W. & Klapper, G. 1964. In Ziegler, W., Klapper, G. & Lindström, M. The validity of the name Polygnathus (Conodonta, Devonian and Lower Carboniferous). Journal of Palaeontology 38, 421-423.

Ziegler, W. & Klapper, G. 1976. In Ziegler, W., Klapper, G. & Johnson, J.G. Redefinition and subdivision of the varcus-Zone (Conodonts, Middle-?Upper Devonian in Europe and North America. Geologica et Palaeontologica 10, 109-140.

Ziegler, W. & Sandberg, C.A. 1990. The Late Devonian standard conodont zonation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 121, 1-115.

Ziegler, W. & Wang, C.Y. 1985. Sihongshan section, a regional reference section for the Lower-Middle and Middle-Upper Devonian boundaries in East Asia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 17-38.