Lower-Middle Devonian rugose coral faunas of Nevada: Contribution to an understanding of the "barren" E Zone and Choteč Event in the Great Basin

 

Authors: Pedder AEH

Published in: Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 85, issue 1; pages: 1 - 26; Received 4 December 2009; Accepted in revised form 12 February 2010; Online 15 March 2010

Keywords: Nevada, Devonian, corals, biozones, Choteč Event,

full text (PDF, 6.39 MB)

Export to RIS

 

Abstract

The "lower Middle Devonian" part of a coral zonation proposed for the region in 1974 comprised in ascending order D2 and D3 subzones and a "barren" E zone. In terms of the conodont zonation currently employed in Nevada, the D2 subzone is Emsian gronbergi and inversus zones. The original stratigraphic definition of the D3 subzone places it in the upper Emsian serotinus Zone on Lone Mountain, whereas the coral index defining the zone has been collected subsequently only from Eifelian upper costatus Zone beds. The original stratigraphic definition of the "barren" E zone places it in a lower part of the costatus Zone, above an inferred depositional break. Thus, as defined on Lone Mountain, the D3 subzone is slightly younger than the E zone. These zones are not barren. Revised taxonomy and age determinations of previously described species, coupled with new data from the southern Sulphur Spring and northern Antelope ranges, have revealed four successive coral assemblages ranging from serotinus to costatus Zone age. Differences between the second and third of these assemblages are particularly significant, and may be considered to represent a local manifestation of the Choteč Event. A detailed review of the genusSynaptophyllum shows it to be an Emsian endemic in the Maghrebo-European Realm, not an early Eifelian endemic in the Eastern Americas Realm. New taxa comprise a family, one genus and two species. Romanophyllum paulyi gen. et sp. nov., which possibly represents one of the last vestiges of the Pragian-Emsian Great Basin coral province, is assigned to the Romanophyllidae fam. n. Xystriphyllum trojani sp. nov. is described as an example of one of earliest ptenophyllid species to return to the Great Basin after the absence of the family from the region since late Lochkovian time.

References

Altevogt, G. 1968. Devonian tetracorals from Spain and their relation to North American species, 755-769. In Oswald, D.H. (ed.) International Symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, 1967, Volume 2. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.

Arbizu, M., García-Alcalde, J.L., García-López, S., Méndez-Bedia, I., Sánchez de Posada, L.C., Soto, F.M., Truyóls, M., Truyóls, J., Alvarez, F., Méndez, C. & Menéndez, J.R. 1979. Biostratigraphical study of the Moniello Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, Asturias, NW Spain). Geologica et palaeontologica 13, 103-124.

Azor, A., Rubatto, D., Simancas, J.F., González Lodeiro, F.,Martínez Poyatos, D.,Martín Parra, L.M.&Matas, J. 2008. Rheic Ocean ophiolitic remnants in southern Iberia questioned by SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages on the Beja- Acebuches amphibolites. Tectonics 27, TC5006.View article

Babcock, L.E. 1996. Phyllum Cnidaria, 70-89. In Feldmann, R.M. (ed.) Fossils of Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 70.

Belanski, C.H. 1928. Descriptions of some typical fossils of the Shellrock stage. The American Midland Naturalist 11(5), 171-212.View article

Best, E.W. 1953. Pre-Hamilton Devonian stratigraphy, southwestern Ontario, Canada. 238 pp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Billings, E. 1858. Report for the year 1857 of E. Billings, Esq., Palaeontologist, addressed to Sir W.E. Logan, F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for the Year 1857, 147-192.

Billings, E. 1859. On the fossil corals of the Devonian rocks of Canada West. The Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art, new series 4, 97-140.

Billings, E. 1875? On some new or little known fossils from the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Ontario. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science, new series 7(4), 230-240. [date of imprint 1874]View article

Birenheide, R. 1962. Revision der koloniebildenden Spongophyllidae und Stringophyllidae aus dem Devon. Senckenbergiana lethaea 43(1), 41-99.

Bolton, T.E. 1966. Illustrations of Canadian fossils; Silurian faunas of Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 66-5, 1-46.

Brock, G.A. & Talent, J.A. 1993. Emsian (Early Devonian) brachiopods from the Ukalunda Beds and Douglas Creek, north Queensland, 225-248. In Jell, P. (ed.) Palaeontological studies in honour of Ken Campbell. Association of Australiasian Palaeontologists Memoir 15.

Cao Xuan-Duo 1987. Biostratigraphy, 1. Tetracorals, 50-56. In Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources & Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (eds) Late Silurian-Devonian strata and fossils from Luqu-Tewo area of West Qinling Mountains, China, volume 1. Nanjing University Press, Nanjing. [in Chinese]

Cao Xuan-Duo & Ouyang Xuan 1987. Palaeontological descriptions, 1. Late Silurian and Devonian rugose corals from Luqu and Tewo regions, West Qinling Mountains, 139-202. In Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources & Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (eds) Late Silurian-Devonian strata and fossils from Luqu- Tewo area of West Qinling Mountains, China, volume 1. Nanjing University Press, Nanjing. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Cao Xuan-Duo, Ouyang Xuan & Jin Tong-An 1983. Rugosa, 46-179, 565-593. In Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (ed.) Paleontological atlas of Northwest China, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia Volume, 2, Upper Palaeozoic. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [in Chinese; date of imprint 1982]

Castelnau, F. de. 1843. Essai sur le systeme silurien de l’Amérique Septentrionale. 56 pp. P. Bertrand, Paris.

Chlupáč, I. & Kukal, Z. 1986. Reflection of possible global Devonian events in the Barrandian area, C.S.S.R., 169-179. In Walliser, O.H. (ed.) Global Bio-Events. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.View article

Crickmay, C.H. 1957. Elucidation of some western Canada Devonian formations. 15 pp. C.H. Crickmay, Calgary.

Davies, W.J. 1887. Kentucky fossil corals. A monograph of the fossil corals of the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Kentucky. Part 2 (Part 1 never published). xiii pp., 139 pls. Kentucky Geological Survey, Frankfort. [date of imprint 1885]

de Fromentel, E. 1861. Introduction a l’étude des polypiers fossiles. 357 pp. F. Savy, Paris.

Easton, W.H. 1957. On the tetracoral Lithostrotion harmodites Milne-Edwards and Haime. Journal of Paleontology 31(3), 616-622.

Etheridge, R., Jr. 1911. The Lower Palaeozoic corals of Chillagoe and Clermont. Part 1. Geological Survey of Queensland Publication 231, 8 pp.

Fagerstrom, J.A. 1961. The fauna of the Middle Devonian Formosa reef limestone of southwestern Ontario. Journal of Paleontology 35(1), 1-48.

Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1924. The stratigraphy and fauna of the Hackberry stage of the Upper Devonian. Contributions from the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan 1, xi + 1-260.

Flügel, H.W. & Hubmann, B. 1994. Catalogus fossilium austriae. Ein systematisches Verzeichnis aller auf österreichischem Gebiet festgestellten Fossilien. IV c/1a. Anthozoa palaeozoica: Rugosa. 141 pp. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien.

Franke, W. 1999. Tectonic and plate tectonic units at the north Gondwana margin: Evidence from the central European Variscides, 7-13. In Feist, R., Talent, J.A. & Daurer, A. (eds) North Gondwana: mid-Paleozoic terranes, stratigraphy and biota. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 54.

Gagiev, M.H. 1997. Sedimentary evolution and sea-level fluctuations in the Devonian of North-East Asia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 199, 75-82.

García-López, S. & Sanz-López, J., with contribution by Sarmiento, G.N. 2002. The Palaeozoic succession and conodont biostratigrpahy of the section between Cape Penas and Cape Torres (Cantabrian coast, NW Spain), 125-156. In García-López, S. & Bastida, F. (eds) Palaeozoic conodonts from northern Spain. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 1.

Glinski, A. 1957. Taxionomie und Stratigraphie einiger Stauriidae (Pterocorallia) aus dem Devon des Rheinlandes. Senckenbergiana lethaea 38(1/2), 83-108.

Golonka, J. 2002. Plate-tectonic maps of the Phanerozoic, 21-75. In Kiessling, W., Flügel, E. & Golonka, J. (eds) Phanerozoic reef patterns. Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 72.

Greenman, C., Chatterton, B.D.E., Boucot, A.J. & Berry, W.B.N. 1977. Coarse Silurian(?) and Devonian detrital rocks in northeastern Washington: Evidence of Silurian(?) and Devonian tectonic activity, 467-479. In Stewart, J.H., Stevens, C.H. & Fritsche, A.E. (eds) Paleozoic paleogeography of the western United States. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Los Angeles.

Guo Shengzhe 1990. Early and Middle Devonian rugose corals from Toudaoqiao district of central Da Hinggan Ling (Mts.). Bulletin of the Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 18, 25-36. [in Chinese with English abstract; date of imprint 1989]

Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, volume 2, Natural History of New York, part 6. viii + 363 pp. Authority of the State of New York, C. van Benthuysen, Albany.

Hill, D. 1939. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, I. Douglas Creek and Drummond Creek, Clermont district. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 50(10), 55-65.

Hill, D. 1942. The Devonian rugose corals of the Tamworth district, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 76(3), 242-264.

Hill, D. 1956. Coelenterata, Part F, Rugosa, F233-F324. In Moore, R.C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Hill, D. 1981. Coelenterata, Part F, Supplement 1, Rugosa and Tabulata, F1-F378 (v. 1), F379-F762 (v. 2). In Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Hou Hong-Fei & Boucot, A.J. 1990. The Balkhash-Mongolia- Okhotsk region of the Old World Realm (Devonian), 297-303. In McKerrow, W.S. & Scotese, C.R. (eds) Palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography. The Geological Society of London Memoir 12.

Ivaniya, V.A. & Cherepnina, S.K. 1986. Devonskie korallyrugozy Zapadnoy Sibiri. 136 pp. Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo Universiteta, Tomsk.

Ivanovskiy, A.B. 1965. Stratigraficheskiy i paleobiogeograficheskiy obzor rugoz ordovika i silura. 120 pp. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moskva.

Ivanovskiy, A.B. 1976. Ukazatel’ rodov rugoz. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki 217, 256 pp.

Ivanovskiy, A.B. 1978. Izmenchivost’ i sistema siluriyskikh rugoz roda Entelophyllum, 95-103, 127, 128. In Tesakov, Y.I. & Kulkov, N.P. (eds) Fauna i biostratigrafiya verkhnego ordovika i silura Altae-Sayanoy oblasti. Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moskva.

Jell, J.S. & Hill, D. 1970. Revision of the coral fauna from the Devonian Douglas Creek Limestone, Clermont, central Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 81(10), 93-120.

Johnson, J.G. 1962. Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian boundary in central Nevada. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 46(4), 542-546.

Johnson, J.G. 1966. Middle Devonian brachiopods from the Roberts Mountains, central Nevada. Palaeontology 9(1), 152-181.

Johnson, J.G. 1977. Lower and Middle Devonian faunal intervals in central Nevada based on brachiopods, 16-32. In Murphy, M.A., Berry, W.B.N.&Sandberg, C.A. (eds) Western North America: Devonian. University of California, Riverside Campus Museum Contribution 4.

Johnson, J.G. 1990. Lower and Middle Devonian brachiopoddominated communities of Nevada, and their position in a biofacies-province-realm model, with a section on revision of Middle Devonian conodont zones by G. Klapper and J.G. Johnson. Journal of Paleontology 64(6), 902-941.View article

Johnson, J.G., Boucot, A.J. & Gronberg, E.C. 1968. A new genus of stringocephaloid brachiopod from the Middle Devonian of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 42(2), 406-414.

Johnson, J.G., Hildreth, G.D., Kendall, G.W. & Trojan, W.R. 1981. Biostratigraphy and biotopes of the lower Middle Devonian Leptathyris circula Zone, central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 55(4), 814-825.

Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G. & Elrick, M. 1996. Devonian transgressive-regressive cycles and biostratigraphy, northern Antelope Range, Nevada: Establishment of reference horizons for global cycles. Palaios 11(1), 3-14.View article

Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., Murphy, M.A. & Trojan, W.R. 1986. Devonian series boundaries in central Nevada and neighboring regions, western North America. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 177-196. [date of imprint 1985]

Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G. & Trojan, W.R. 1980. Brachiopod and conodont successions in the Devonian of the northern Antelope Range, central Nevada. Geologica et palaeontologica 14, 77-116.

Johnson, J.G. & Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1977. Silurian and Devonian coral zones in the Great Basin, Nevada and California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88(10), 1462-1468.View article

Keller, M. & Grötsch, J. 1990. Depositional history and conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Devonian La Vid Group in the Luna area (Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, Jahhgang 1990(3), 141-164.View article

Kendall, G.W., Johnson, J.G., Brown, J.O. & Klapper, G. 1983. Stratigraphy and facies across Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian boundary, central Nevada. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 67(12), 2199-2207.

Kirchgasser, W.T., Oliver, W.A., Jr. & Rickard, L.V. 1985. Devonian series boundaries in the eastern United States. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 233-260.

Klapper, G. 1977. Lower and Middle Devonian conodont sequence in central Nevada, with contributions by D.B. Johnson, 33-54. InMurphy, M.A., Berry, W.B.N.&Sandberg, C.A. (eds) Western North America: Devonian. University of California, Riverside Campus Museum Contribution 4.

Klapper, G. & Johnson, D.B. 1975. Sequence in conodont genus Polygnathus in Lower Devonian at Lone Mountain, Nevada. Geologica et palaeontologica 9(1), 65-83.

Klapper, G. & Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1995. The Detroit River Group is Middle Devonian: Discussion on “Early Devonian age of the Detroit River Group, inferred from Arctic stromatoporoids”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32(7), 1070-1073.View article

Klapper, G., Ziegler, W.&Mashkova, T.V. 1978. Conodonts and correlation of Lower-Middle Devonian boundary beds in the Barrandian area of Czechoslovakia. Geologica et palaeontologica 12, 103-116.

Kong Lei & Huang Yun-Ming 1978. Tetracoralla, 35-161, 739-759. In Guizhou Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Work Team (ed.) Atlas of Palaeontology of the southwestern regions of China, Guizhou, I, Cambrian-Devonian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [in Chinese]

Lakhov, G.V. 1982. O sistematicheskom polozhenii rugoz Disphyllum geinitzi i blizkikh vidov. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1982(3), 15-24.

Lang, W.D. 1938. Some further considerations on trends in corals. Proceedings of the Geological Association of London 49(2), 148-159.View article

Lang, W.D. & Smith, S. 1935. Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss, and other Devonian corals considered in a revision of that species. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 91(4), 538-590.View article

Lang, W.D., Smith, S. & Thomas, H.D. 1940. Index of Palaeozoic coral genera. 231 pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Laub, R.S. 1983. The Silurian coral biostratigraphy of New York, 9-34. In Sorauf, J.E. & Oliver, W.A., Jr. (eds) Silurian and Devonian corals and stromatoporoids of New York. International Association for the study of Fossil Cnidaria, Washington, D.C.

Liberty, B.A. & Bolton, T.E. 1971. Paleozoic geology of the Bruce Peninsula area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 360, 163 pp.

Li Jensing 1987. Biostratigraphy, 9. Conodonts, 78-80. In Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources & Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (eds) Late Silurian-Devonian strata and fossils from Luqu-Tewo area of West Qinling Mountains, China, volume 1. Nanjing University Press, Nanjing. [in Chinese]

Li Minglu 1987. Early Devonian rugose corals from the Zhusilenghairhan area of western Nei Monggol and the Lower-Middle Devonian boundary, 67-79. In Zhu Hong, Zheng Zhaochang & He Xinyi (eds) Palaeozoic biostratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Alxa massif margin. Wuhan College of Geology Press, Wuhan. [Chinese with English abstract]

LiaoWei-Hua 2002. Biotic recovery from the Late Devonian F-F mass extinction event in China. Science in China, series D 45(4), 380-384.View article

LiaoWei-Hua 2003. Devonian biostratigraphy of Dushan, southern Guizhou and its coral extinction events. Acta palaeontologica sinica 42(3), 417-427. [in Chinese with English summary]

Liao Wei-Hua 2004. Coral recovery from the Frasnian- Famennian mass extinction event in South China, 259-280, 1052. In Rong Jiayu & Fang Zongjie (eds) Mass extinction and recovery - Evidences from the Palaeozoic and Triassic of South China. University of Science and Technology of China Press, Hefei. [in Chinese with English summary]

Liao Wei-Hua & Li Da-Qing 1991. Species of rugose corals from Xihanshui Group of Qinling Mts. Acta palaeontologica sinica 30(5), 601-615. [in Chinese with English summary]

Lin Baoyu, Xu Shouyong, Jia Huizheng, Guo Shengzhe, Ouyang Xuan, Wang Zengji, Ding Yunjie, Cao Xuanduo, Yan Youyin & Chen Huacheng 1995. Monograph of Palaeozoic corals. Rugosa and Heterocorallia. vii + 778 pp.. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Loduca, S.T. & Brett, C.E. 1991. Placement of the Wenlockian/ Ludlovian boundary in western New York State. Lethaia 24, 255-264.View article

Lonsdale, W. 1845. Description of some Palaeozoic corals of Russia, 591-634. In Murchison, R.I., Verneuil, E. de & Keyserling, A. von The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. John Murray, London & Bertrand, Paris.

McLaren, D.J. 1959. A revision of the Devonian coral genus Synaptophyllum Simpson. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 48, 15-33.

McLean, R.A. 2005. Phillipsastreid corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada: Taxonomy and biostratigraphic significance. 109 pp. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.View article

McLean, R.A. 2007. Kyphophyllid rugose corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Canada and their biostratigraphic significance. Palaeontographica canadiana 26, 1-109.

McLean, R.A. & Pedder, A.E.H. 1987. Frasnian rugose corals of western Canada, part 2: The genus Smithiphyllum. Palaeontographica A 195, 131-173.

Merriam, C.W. 1940. Devonian stratigraphy and paleontology of the Roberts Mountains region, Nevada. Geological Society of America Special Papers 25, 1-114.View article

Merriam, C.W. 1974. Lower and Lower Middle Devonian rugose corals of the central Great Basin. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 805, 1-83.

Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J. 1850. A monograph of the British Fossil Corals. Introduction and chapter 1, Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 1-71.

Milne Edwards, H. & Haime, J. 1851. Monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains palaeozoiques. Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 5, 1-502.

Morrow, J.R. 2007. Devonian shelf-to-slope facies and events, central Great Basin, Nevada and Utah, U.S.A. Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy SDS 2007 field trip guidebook. 93 pp. Unpublished, distributed in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Murphy, M.A. 1977. Middle Devonian rocks of central Nevada, 190-199. In Murphy, M.A., Berry, W.B.N. & Sandberg, C.A. (eds) Western North America: Devonian. University of California, Riverside Campus Museum Contribution 4.

Murphy, M.A. & Gronberg, E.C. 1970. Stratigraphy and correlation of the Lower Nevada Group (Devonian) north and west of Eureka, Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 81(1), 127-135.View article

Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1963. Redescription of three species of corals from the Lockport Dolomite in New York. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 414-G, 1-9.

Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1976. Noncystimorph colonial rugose corals of the Onesquethaw and lower Cazenovia stages (Lower and Middle Devonian) in New York and adjacent areas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 869, 1-156.

Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1993. The Siphonophrentidae (rugose corals, Devonian) of eastern North America. In Sando, W.J. (ed.) Shorter contributions to paleontology and stratigraphy, 1992. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2024, B1-B32.

Oliver, W.A., Jr. & Galle, A. 1971. Rugose corals from the Upper Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian) in Bohemia. Sborník geologických věd, Paleontologie 14, 35-106.

Oliver, W.A., Jr. & Sorauf, J.E. 1981. Rugose coral biostratigraphy of the Devonian of New York and adjacent areas, 97-105. In Oliver, W.A., Jr. & Klapper, G. (eds) Devonian Biostratigraphy of New York, 1. Text. Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy, Washington, D.C.

Pedder, A.E.H. 1977. Systematics and biostratigraphic importance of the Lower Devonian rugose coral genus Exilifrons. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Activities, Part B, Paper 77-1B, 173-180.View article

Pedder, A.E.H. 1990. New genera of Middle Devonian rugose corals from the type Horn Plateau Reef, District of Mackenzie. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 396, 61-88. [date of imprint 1989]

Pedder, A.E.H. 2002. New systematic and biostratigraphic data concerning the Breviphyllidae (Lower Devonian Rugosa) of Nevada. Coral Research Bulletin 7, 141-166.

Pedder, A.E.H. & Feist, R. 1998. Lower Devonian (Emsian) Rugosa of the Izarne Formation, Montagne Noire, France. Journal of Paleontology 72(6), 967-991.View article

Pedder, A.E.H. & McLean, R.A. 1982. Lower Devonian cystiphyllid corals from North America and eastern Australia with notes on the genus Utaratuia. Geologica et palaeontologica 16(1), 57-110.

Pedder, A.E.H. & Murphy, M.A. 2004. Emsian (Lower Devonian) Rugosa of Nevada: Revision of systematics and stratigraphic ranges, and reassessment of faunal provincialism. Journal of Paleontology 78(5), 838-865.View article

Pedder, A.E.H. & Oliver, W.A., Jr. 1982. Stauromatidium and Stauromatidiidae, new genus and family of Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian rugose corals. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 352, 1-43.View article

Penecke, K.A. 1894. Das Grazer Devon. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlichköniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 1893(43), 567-616.

Philip, G.M. & Pedder, A.E.H. 1968. Stratigraphical correlation of the principal Devonian limestone sequences of eastern Australia, 1025-1041. In Oswald, D.H. (ed.) International symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, 1968, Volume 2. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.

Phillips, J. 1836. Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire; Part 2; The Mountain Limestone district. 253 pp. Printed by Thomas Wilson, York, for the author & John Murray, London.

Plusquellec, Y. 2007. Histoire naturelle des pleurodictyformes (Cnidaria Tabulata, Dévonien) du Massif armoricain et des régions Maghrebo-européenes principalement. Mémoires de la Société Géologique et Minéralogique de Bretagne 32, 1-138.

Plusquellec, Y., Boumendjel, K.,Morzadec, P. & Paris, F. 1997. Les faunes dévoniennes d’Ougarta dans la paléogéographie des régions Maghrébo-europénnes. Les Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord (séries 2) 5, 123-128.

Poty, E. 1999. Famennian and Tournaisian recoveries of shallow water Rugosa following late Frasnian and late Strunian major crises, southern Belgium and surrounding areas, Hunan (South China) and the Omolon region (NE Siberia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154, 11-26.View article

Prosh, E.C. 1995. Reply: Early Devonian age of the Detroit River Group, inferred from Arctic stromatoporoids. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32(7), 1073-1077.View article

Radig, F. 1962. Zur Stratigraphie des Devons in Asturien (Nord-Spanien). Geologische Rundschau 51(1), 249-267.View article

Rodríguez García, S. 1978. Corales rugosos del Devónico de la sierra del Pedroso. Estudios Geologicos 34(3-6), 331-350.

Różkowska, M. 1953. Pachyphyllinae et Phillipsastraea du Frasnien de Pologne. Palaeontologia polonica 5, 1-89.

Rukhin, L.B. 1938. Nizhnepaleozoiskie korally i stromatoporoidei verkhney chasti basseyna r. Kolymy. Materialy po Izucheniyu Kolymskogo-Indigirskogo Kraya, seriya 2, Geologiya i Geomorfologiya 10, 1-119.

Schouppé, A.V. 1949. Die “Thamnophyllen” und ihre Beziehung zur Gruppe des “Cyathophyllum caespitosum”. Palaeontographica A 97, 99-180.

Schröder, S. & Soto, F. 2003. Lower Devonian (Emsian) rugose corals from the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain. Acta palaeontologica polonica 48(4), 547-558.

Scotese, C.R. 1997. Continental drift. 79 pp. Paleomap Project, 7th edition, Arlington.

Scotese, C.R. & McKerrow, W.S. 1990. Revised world maps and introduction, 1-21. InMcKerrow, W.S.&Scotese, C.R. (eds) Palaeozoic, palaeogeography and biogeography. The Geological Society London Memoir 12.

Shimer, H.W.&Shrock, R.R. 1944. Index fossils of North America. 1-837. The Technology Press Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.

Simpson, G.B. 1900. Preliminary descriptions of new genera of Paleozoic rugose corals. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 39(8), 199-222.

Smith, S. 1945. Upper Devonian corals of the Mackenzie River region, Canada. Geological Society of America Special Papers 59, 1-126 pp.View article

Sorauf, J.E. 1972. Middle Devonian coral faunas (Rugosa) from Washington and Oregon. Journal of Paleontology 46(3), 426-439.

Sorauf, J.E. 1998. Frasnian (Upper Devonian) rugose corals from the Lime Creek and Shell Rock formations of Iowa. Bulletins of American Paleontology 113(355), 1-159.

Soshkina, E.D. 1939. Verkhnedevonskie korally Rugosa Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 9(2), 1-88.

Soshkina, E.D. 1949. Devonskie korally Rugosa Urala. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 15(4), 1-162.

Soshkina, E.D., Dobrolyubova, T.A. & Kabakovich, N.V. 1962. Podklass Tetracoralla. Chetyrekhluchevye korally (Rugosa), 286-356. In Sokolov, B.S. (ed.) Osnovy Paleontologii, tom 2, Gubki, Arkheotsiaty, Kishechnopolostnye, Cherni. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva.

Soto, F. 1981. Synaptophyllum aus dem Unterdevon des Kantabrischen Gebirges (Nordspanien). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, Jahrgang 1981(2), 91-99.View article

Strusz, D.L. 1966. Spongophyllidae from the Devonian Garra formation, New South Wales. Palaeontology 9(4), 544-598.

Stumm, E.C. 1937. The Lower Middle Devonian tetracorals of the Nevada limestone. Journal of Paleontology 11(5), 423-443.

Stumm, E.C. 1949. Revision of the families and genera of the Devonian tetracorals. Geological Society of America Memoir 40, 1-92.View article

Talent, J.A., Gratsianova, R.T.&Yolkin, E.A. with a contribution from Shishkina, G.R. 2001. Latest Silurian (Pridoli) to Middle Devonian (Givetian) of the Asia-Australia hemisphere: rationalization of brachiopod taxa and faunal lists; stratigraphic correlation chart. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 236, 1-221.

Thorsteinsson, R. & Glenister, B.F. 1963. Driftwood Bay, 585-596. In Fortier, Y.O. et al. Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 320.

Ulitina, L.M. 2003. Rugozy, 199-268. In Rozanov, A.Y. (ed.) Paleontologiya Mongolii. Korally i stromatoporoidei. Ordovik-Devon. Nauka, Moskva.

Uyeno, T.T., Telford, P.G. & Sanford, B.V. 1982. Devonian conodonts and stratigraphy of southwestern Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 332, 1-55.View article

Ver Straeten, C.A. 2007. Basinwide stratigraphic synthesis and sequence stratigraphy, upper Pragian, Emsian and Eifelian stages (Lower to Middle Devonian), Appalachian Basin, 39-81. In Becker, R.T.&Kirchgasser, W.T. (eds) Devonian events and correlations. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 278.View article

Walliser, O.H. 1985. Natural boundaries and Commission boundaries in the Devonian. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 75, 401-408.

Wang Cheng-Yuan 2001. Supplements 2001, 435-462. In Weddige, K. (ed.) Devonian correlation table. Senckenbergiana lethaea 81(2).

Wang, H.C. (Hong-Zhen) 1950. A revision of the Zoantharia Rugosa in the light of their minute skeletal structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B(611), 234, 175-246.View article

Wang Xunlian 1987. The Middle and Late Devonian rugose corals of the Zhusilenghaierhan region, Nei Monggol, 93-106. In Zhu Hong, Zheng Zhaochang & He Xinyi (eds) Palaeozoic biostratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Alxa massif margin. Wuhan College of Geology Press, Wuhan. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Wang Xunlian & Wang Hongzhen 1987. The Middle and Late Devonian strata and the rugose coral palaeobiogeographical significance of Zhusileng Haierhan area, Neimongol. Geoscience 1, 311-326. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Wang Zhiping 1985. Early and Middle Devonian Rugose coral biogeography of China. Earth Science - Journal of Wuhan College of Geology 10, 55-69.

Warren, P.S. & Stelck, C.R. 1950. Succession of Devonian faunas in western Canada. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 44 (section 4, series 3), 61-78.

Warren, P.S. & Stelck, C.R. 1956. Reference fossils of Canada, part 1, Devonian faunas of western Canada. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 1, 1-15.

Webster, C.L. 1889. Description of a new genus of corals from the Devonian rocks of Iowa. The American Naturalist 23(272), 710-712.View article

Wedekind, R. 1923. Die Gliederung des Mitteldevons auf Grund von Korallen. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, Sitzungsberichte, Jahrgang 1922, 4, 24-35.

Wedekind, R. 1924. Das Mitteldevon der Eifel. I. Teil. Die Tetrakorallen des unteren Mitteldevon. Schriften der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg 14(3), 1-93.

Ziegler, W. 2000. The Lower Eifelian boundary. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 225, 27-36.

Ziegler,W. & Klapper, G. 1985. Stages of the Devonian System. Episodes 8(2), 104-109.View article

Zhang Yan 1985. Early Middle Devonian (Eifelian) brachiopods from Zhusilenghaierhan region, Western Nei Monggol. Acta palaeontologica sinica 24(2), 243-258. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Zhen Yong-Yi 1995. Late Emsian rugose corals of the Mount Podge area, Burdekin Basin, north Queensland. Alcheringa 19(3-4), 193-234.View article